Philosophy of Descartes and Kant

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Questions and Answers

What refers to the self that one actually sees and is nurtured to have?

Ideal Self

Public Self

Ought Self

Actual Self (correct)

Which type of self-awareness focuses on one’s internal standards and private thoughts?

Private Self (correct)

Ideal Self

Ought Self

Public Self

What is the term for the negative aspect of self-awareness when one feels overly scrutinized by others?

Public Image

Self-consciousness (correct)

Social Comparison

Self-esteem

Downward social comparison is primarily used to achieve which of the following?

Enhance self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes feeling worse about oneself after comparing to someone superior?

Upward Comparison Signup and view all the answers

Which self-schema embodies who one thinks they should be?

Ought Self Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between social comparison and self-esteem?

It can have positive or negative effects on self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines self-awareness?

The awareness of one’s emotions and thoughts through reflection Signup and view all the answers

What process allows a child to delineate the 'I' from the rest, according to Mead?

Role-play Signup and view all the answers

How does Vygotsky view the process of a child internalizing values?

Through dialogues with others Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a significant factor in the development of the self?

Family environment Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the self does William James refer to as the 'I'?

Thinking, acting, and feeling self Signup and view all the answers

How does the dependency period of human babies compare to other animals?

Longer than most other animals Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the nature of gender as described in the content?

Gender is subject to change and development. Signup and view all the answers

What concept is addressed by both Mead and Vygotsky in terms of self-development?

Role of play and social interaction Signup and view all the answers

What continues to dominate societal gender roles despite changes caused by social movements?

Patriarchy Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is known as the Father of Modern Philosophy?

René Descartes Signup and view all the answers

What concept is famously associated with René Descartes?

Cogito Ergo Sum Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher argued that knowledge is derived solely from human senses?

David Hume Signup and view all the answers

What did John Locke mean by 'Tabula Rasa'?

The mind is a blank slate that is shaped by experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher proposed that the self can only be identified through observable behaviors?

Gilbert Ryle Signup and view all the answers

What does Maurice Merleau-Ponty emphasize about the relationship between mind and body?

The mind and body are inseparable. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT commonly associated with the contemporary definition of the self?

Changeable Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used by Immanuel Kant to describe the rational mind's ability to reflect on its mental state?

Apperception Signup and view all the answers

What does Carl Rogers refer to as 'I' in his framework?

The part of you that acts and makes decisions Signup and view all the answers

In Carl Rogers' concept of self-schema, which of the following is NOT typically included?

Financial status Signup and view all the answers

According to Carl Rogers, how do self-schemas affect individuals?

They influence perceptions of oneself in various situations. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of Freud's Iceberg Model is considered the moral compass?

The superego Signup and view all the answers

What does the ego represent in Freud's theory?

The conscious personality managing reality Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about identity is incorrect?

It remains unchanged throughout a person's life. Signup and view all the answers

Freud's concept of the id is best described as what?

The impulsive part of personality responding to basic urges. Signup and view all the answers

How does Carl Rogers view psychological functioning?

As an outcome of intrinsic motivation for positive growth. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'independent' imply about the self?

It can exist on its own without any other self. Signup and view all the answers

How do social constructivists view the self?

As something that is constantly influenced by societal interactions. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'personne' refer to in Marcel Mauss's framework of the self?

The social expectations and roles one embodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a context in which personne may shift?

Maintaining a constant personal identity. Signup and view all the answers

What do Mead and Vygotsky emphasize in the development of the self?

The importance of language acquisition and social interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the self is described as 'consistent'?

The self is stable and can be expected to persist over time. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the self, what does the term 'private' mean?

Each individual processes their emotions and thoughts internally. Signup and view all the answers

How is the self described in relation to culture?

The self adapts like a chameleon to fit its cultural environment. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

DESCARTES

Recognized as the Father of Modern Philosophy.
Advocated for skepticism, suggesting we question everything until clarity is achieved.
Famous for the phrase "Cogito Ergo Sum," meaning "I think, therefore I am."
Argued that the only indubitable truth is one’s own existence; everything else can be doubted.

IMMANUEL KANT

Introduced the concept of representation, emphasizing physical senses in understanding experiences.
Differentiated between the inner self, which encompasses personal thoughts, and the outer self, linked to rational thought and self-reflection.

DAVID HUME

Disagreed with preceding philosophers, asserting that all knowledge originates from sensory experiences.
Suggested that recognition of others as humans stems from physical experiences rather than metaphysical understanding.

JOHN LOCKE

Developed the concept of TABULA RASA, suggesting that the mind begins as a blank slate.
Proposed that external objects influence our perceptions, and nothing exists in the mind that hasn’t been sensed.

GILBERT RYLE

Contested the existence of a non-physical self, prioritizing observable behaviors over unobservable self.
Defined the self as a term for the behaviors that manifest in daily life.

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

Asserted the inseparability of mind and body, stating that one's body facilitates existence in the world.
Emphasized that thoughts, emotions, and physical experiences constitute a unified whole.

THE SELF, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE

The self's concept evolved over time, moving from ancient dualities of body and soul to modern interpretations of self and society.
In contemporary discourse, characteristics of the self include being separate, self-contained, independent, consistent, unitary, and private.

Argue that the self is not static; instead, it is dynamic and shaped by social interactions.
The self adapts and changes in response to social contexts and environments.

2 FACES OF THE SELF: PERSOONNE AND MOI

"Moi" refers to an individual’s innate identity and biological aspects.
"Personne" encompasses social constructs and influences from various institutions and expectations, which can change over time.

THE SELF AND CULTURE

Individuals may adjust their "personne" with changes in context, such as cultural adaptations or social interactions.

MEAD AND VYGOTSKY

Emphasized language acquisition and social interaction as central to human development.
The process of internal dialogue shapes an individual's moral reasoning and self-concept.
Role-playing is crucial for children to understand their identity and differentiate themselves from others.

THE SELF IN FAMILIES

Family background significantly influences personal development and identity.
Dependency on family during early life stages plays a critical role in nurturing and shaping individuality.

GENDER AND THE SELF

Gender identity evolves, allowing individuals to navigate societal expectations and express their identity in diverse ways.
Patriarchal structures continue to influence gender roles, though movements have injected change.

WILLIAM JAMES

Early psychologist who explored the self's duality: the "I" (active self) and the "me" (the self as an object).

CARL ROGERS

Use of "I" and "Me" to describe aspects of the self; the former as decision-making and the latter as self-reflection.
Developed person-centered therapy, focusing on self-schema—organizing knowledge about oneself.

IDENTITY VS. SELF-CONCEPT

Identity includes personal traits and social roles that define an individual.
Both self and identity are fluid, reflecting past, present, and future possibilities.

SIGMUND FREUD

Known as the Father of Psychology; he theorized that the self is shaped by the interplay between the id, ego, and superego.

SIGMUND FREUD’S ICEBERG THEORY

Represents the conscious mind (ego) as the visible part, while the vast unconscious (id) contains primal instincts.
The superego serves as the moral guide, influencing decisions subconsciously.

SELF-AWARENESS

Comprises three self-schema: Actual Self, Ideal Self, and Ought Self—each representing different perceptions of self.
Differentiates between private self (inner thoughts) and public self (external image).

Influences self-esteem through comparisons with others, leading to upward or downward evaluations.
Downward comparisons can enhance self-concept, while upward comparisons may undermine it.

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Description

Explore the foundational ideas of Descartes and Kant in this quiz. Delve into concepts like doubt, existence, and the distinction between the inner and outer self. Test your understanding of these pivotal philosophers and their contributions to modern thought.