Philosophy of Ethics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What best describes holistic thinking?

Focusing on specific, limited details to form conclusions.

Considering wider knowledge and fair judgment. (correct)

Judging situations based on past experiences only.

Making decisions based solely on personal opinions.

Which of the following principles must be satisfied for the Principle of Double Effect to be applied?

There must be a sufficiently grave reason for the act. (correct)

The intention of the agent must be to achieve the evil effect.

The good effect must follow the evil effect.

The evil effect must be the primary goal of the action.

Which of the following defines truth according to the content provided?

A belief that varies from person to person.

A statement that can be perplexing and illogical.

A subjective interpretation of events shaped by opinions.

A statement that is consistent with reality or verifiable facts. (correct)

What is the focus of rationalism in establishing truth?

Truth is concluded through reason and logical deduction. Signup and view all the answers

How does the correspondence theory define truth?

A proposition is true if it accurately reflects reality. Signup and view all the answers

According to the context principle, how should a word's meaning be interpreted?

Within the context of the statement or proposition. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characterizes partial thinking?

It leads to biased and one-sided decisions. Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for a belief to be truly justified, based on the content provided?

It should be based on empirical observation or logical reasoning. Signup and view all the answers

What philosophical approach believes that the body and soul are one entity?

Monism Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is associated with the phrase 'Dubito ergo cogito, cogito ergo sum'?

Rene Descartes Signup and view all the answers

What does 'tabula rasa' refer to in John Locke's philosophy?

The notion of a blank slate Signup and view all the answers

What concept reflects the belief that human actions greatly influence the environment?

The Spirit of Stewardship Signup and view all the answers

Which term denotes the idea of surpassing ordinary limits to achieve higher understanding?

Transcendence Signup and view all the answers

What results from humans treating the environment merely as an object?

Non-Coexistence Signup and view all the answers

According to Saint Augustine, what do human beings represent in the creation?

The divine image of the creator Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the concept of 'Existentialism'?

The idea that existence precedes essence Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hindsight' refer to?

Seeing past events as predictable Signup and view all the answers

According to Plato, what is the essence of man?

A soul Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher distinguished between the body and the soul by describing man as a thinking being?

Rene Descartes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Socrates regarding the soul?

Care for one's soul Signup and view all the answers

What is dualism's main claim about the body and the soul?

They are separate and distinct entities Signup and view all the answers

What does moksha refer to in Hinduism?

Liberation from samsara Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher viewed the soul as the true self and the body as merely its accompaniment?

Socrates Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical view emphasizes skepticism of grand narratives?

Postmodern view Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ethical consideration of deep ecology?

The well-being of nature is as important as human interests Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the human soul, what does 'arkhe' refer to according to Plotinus?

The intelligence that provides foundation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of biocentrism?

Value is placed on all life forms equally Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the analogy of the charioteer and the horse in the context of the soul?

The soul has a higher importance than the body Signup and view all the answers

What did Aldo Leopold introduce in his philosophy?

The Land Ethic Signup and view all the answers

Immanuel Kant's philosophy is primarily centered around which of the following concepts?

Duty and moral law Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical concept advocates for the inherent value of ecosystems and their maintenance?

Ecocentrism Signup and view all the answers

In which philosophical tradition is personal growth and self-actualization a primary focus?

Humanistic philosophy Signup and view all the answers

What does John Locke's social contract theory emphasize about the role of government?

Governments are established to protect individual rights and may include environmental protection. Signup and view all the answers

According to John Stuart Mill's utilitarianism, what can justify environmental protection policies?

Maximizing overall happiness for long-term well-being. Signup and view all the answers

Which act focuses specifically on the management of air quality in the Philippines?

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the principles of prudence according to the given content?

Carefully governing and disciplining oneself using reason. Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental act in the Philippines addresses the conservation of wildlife resources?

Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act Signup and view all the answers

According to Aristotle, what is virtue characterized by?

A good habit that resides in the balance between deficiency and excess. Signup and view all the answers

Which legislation aims at promoting environmental awareness in the educational system of the Philippines?

National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008 Signup and view all the answers

What is the moral duty of governments according to Peter Singer?

To act for the greater good, including environmental protection. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Principle of Double Effect

Evil effect should not precede the good effect.
Sufficiently grave reason must justify the act for its good effect.
Agent's intention must prioritize the good effect while allowing the evil effect as a regrettable outcome.

Holistic vs. Partial Thinking

Holistic thinking emphasizes logical, valid, and sound decisions with a broader scope of knowledge.
Partial thinking leads to biased judgments and erroneous decisions, focusing on limited knowledge and one-sided viewpoints.

Truth and Opinion

Truth: Consistent with reality, verifiable or provable.
Opinion: Personal beliefs or judgments that are subjective and lack proof.
Empiricism: Asserts truth is grounded in sensory experience.
Rationalism: Claims truth is based on reason and logical deduction.
Relativism: Proposes truth is subjective and varies culturally or individually.
Objectivism: Holds that truth is independent of individual beliefs.

Theories of Truth

Correspondence Theory: Statements are true if they align with facts or reality.
Coherence Theory: Truth is determined by context and internal consistency.
Context Principle: Meaning requires contextual interpretation, as proposed by Gottlob Frege.

Knowledge

Defined as a justified true belief, established through senses or reasoning.
Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle viewed body and soul as unified entities.

Perspectives on Human Existence

Ancient philosophies (Plato, Aristotle) regarded the human essence as a blend of body and soul.
Medieval thinkers (Thomas Aquinas and Augustine) highlighted the soul's superiority, likening it to a charioteer guiding a horse.
Modern philosophy (Descartes) distinguished body (res extensa) and mind (res cogitans), framing humans as thinking beings.

Consciousness and Self

John Locke introduced the theory of the self as a blank slate (tabula rasa).
Human faculty of reason enables survival and adaptation.

Environmental Philosophy

Environment reflects the goodness of the creator, necessitating stewardship and ethical consideration.
Anthropocentrism: Places humans at the center of concern in nature.
Biocentrism: Values all life forms, viewing humans as part of a larger system.
Ecocentrism: Advocates for the moral consideration of entire ecosystems.

Ethical Responsibility

Immanuel Kant emphasized universal duty toward the environment.
Aldo Leopold's "Land Ethic" views humans as community members within nature.

Government and Environmental Protection

Social Contract Theory by John Locke implies that government exists to protect individual rights, which extends to environmental health.
Utilitarianism (John Stuart Mill) can justify policies for environmental protection as necessary for overall happiness.

Filipino Environmental Legislation

Philippine Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, and various environmental protection laws address sustainability and ecological welfare.

Virtue and Morality

Prudence: The ability to govern oneself using reason.
Frugality: Careful use of resources.
Temperance: Moral ordering of passions.
Virtue, as discussed by Aristotle, is the excellence of body and soul and lies between deficiency and excess.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key ethical principles, including the Principle of Double Effect, and explore the differences between holistic and partial thinking. Delve into concepts of truth, opinion, and various philosophical perspectives like empiricism and rationalism.