Philosophy Quiz: Ethics and Values

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Questions and Answers

Which of these is the BEST example of resocialization?

  • A teenager learning the rules of a new school
  • An adult learning to cook different cuisines
  • A former gang member joining a church and changing their life (correct)
  • A child learning how to use a spoon

According to Berger and Luckmann, what is the PRIMARY purpose of conversation in society?

  • To develop new ideas and challenge existing beliefs
  • To establish social hierarchies and power dynamics
  • To express individual opinions and emotions
  • To negotiate and maintain a shared understanding of reality (correct)

Which of the following is an example of an objective social structure, according to Berger and Luckmann?

  • The physical layout of a city (correct)
  • The belief in a higher power
  • The rules of a particular game
  • The concept of family values

What is the main difference between secondary socialization and resocialization?

<p>Secondary socialization involves learning new roles, while resocialization involves questioning existing beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the “home world” in Berger and Luckmann’s theory of socialization?

<p>It is the foundation for the child’s future social interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would Berger and Luckmann explain the difference between a person being a “parent” and being a “good parent”?

<p>Being a “parent” is an identity type, while being a “good parent” is an individual identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is MOST likely to be considered part of the “objective social world”?

<p>The legal system and its rules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of socialization that is NOT primarily focused on learning new roles?

<p>A child learning to share toys with their siblings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of philosophy is most directly concerned with the value of beauty?

<p>Aesthetics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what is the main difference between "ethos" and "ta ethika"?

<p>Ethos is the set of beliefs about right and wrong, while ta ethika is the critical examination of those beliefs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a consequentialist ethical theory?

<p>Utilitarianism, which aims to maximize overall happiness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided information, why is it important to study ethics today?

<p>Ethics provides a framework for understanding and resolving conflicts between individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between individual freedom and societal influence on ethical beliefs?

<p>Individuals are shaped by societal norms but retain the ability to critically evaluate and potentially challenge those norms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three kinds of consciousness identified by Sartre?

<p>Consciousness of objects, consciousness of self, consciousness of others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Sartre mean by "fundamentally free"?

<p>Individuals always possess the capacity to make choices, even within societal pressures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the idea of "fundamentally free" relevant to the study of ethics?

<p>It emphasizes the power of individual choice in navigating complex ethical issues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Three Fundamental Values

Truth, goodness, and beauty that connect to philosophy's branches.

Epistemology

The study of knowledge and how we determine truth.

Ethics

The branch of philosophy concerned with morality and goodness.

Aesthetics

The philosophical study of art and beauty.

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Ethos

Social norms, values, and customs that guide behavior.

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Ta Ethika

The philosophical study of ethics that questions societal norms.

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Consequentialist Theory

Judges actions based on their outcomes or consequences.

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Non-consequentialist Theory

Judges actions based on rules or principles, not outcomes.

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Primary Socialization

The process during childhood where individuals first learn societal norms and values from parents and caregivers.

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Secondary Socialization

The process in later life where individuals learn norms associated with new social roles, like workplace culture.

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Resocialization

A process that occurs when an individual undergoes a significant change in beliefs or behaviors.

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Home World

The early environment of a child that shapes their understanding of reality and social interactions.

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Objective Social Structure

The tangible elements that shape our lives, such as institutions, laws, and physical spaces.

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Objective Social World

The collective beliefs and values that influence our understanding of reality.

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Identity Type

The social roles individuals adopt in society, such as teacher, parent, or student.

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Individual Identity

The way a person personalizes their adopted social roles, making them unique.

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Study Notes

Fundamental Values and Branches of Philosophy

  • Three fundamental values are truth, goodness, and beauty.
  • Epistemology (knowledge study) focuses on truth.
  • Ethics (morality study) focuses on goodness.
  • Aesthetics (art and beauty study) focuses on beauty.

Ethos and Ta Ethika

  • Ethos: Social norms, values, and customs guiding behavior.
  • Ta Ethika: Philosophical study of ethics, analyzing and questioning these norms.
  • Ta ethika examines ethos critically, shaping ethical beliefs through society yet allows questioning and refinement.

Consequentialist vs. Non-Consequentialist Ethics

  • Consequentialist (teleological) theories judge actions by their outcomes.
  • Non-consequentialist (deontological) theories judge actions based on rules or principles, irrespective of results.

Importance of Studying Ethics Today

  • Society changes constantly, with diverse ethical standards across cultures and generations.
  • Critical thinking about right and wrong, beyond tradition, is necessary.
  • Understanding different perspectives supports informed moral decisions and respect for others' viewpoints.

Freedom and Ethical Issues

  • Individuals are free to critically think (ta ethika) and question societal norms.
  • Ethical beliefs are shaped by society (ethos), often leading to following established norms.

Sartre's Types of Consciousness

  • Consciousness of objects: Awareness of surroundings.
  • Consciousness of self: Awareness of personal existence.
  • Consciousness of others: Awareness of other's views.
  • Fundamental freedom: The ability to choose, despite societal pressures; relevant to ethos & ta ethika.

Socialization Types

  • Primary socialization: Childhood learning of societal norms (e.g., language, values).
  • Secondary socialization: Later learning in new roles (e.g., workplace, new culture).
  • Resocialization: Major change in beliefs (e.g., religious conversion, political indoctrination).

Berger and Luckmann's "Home World"

  • Home world: Child's early environment shaping their understanding of reality, self, others, and society.

Objective Social Structure vs. Objective Social World

  • Objective social structure: Physical aspects (buildings, laws) shaping lives.
  • Objective social world: Shared beliefs (culture, religion) shaping reality understanding.

Conversation and Reality Maintenance

  • Conversation reinforces shared reality understanding; maintaining shared belief. Loss of conversation can lead to change in belief.

Identity Types and Individual Identity

  • Identity type: Socially assigned roles (e.g., teacher, student).
  • Individual identity: Personalization and uniqueness of social roles.

Linking Identity and Ethics

  • Identity type relates to ethos (society-shaped roles).
  • Individual identity corresponds to ta ethika (questioning and shaping social roles).

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