Philosophy and Sociology of Self

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of philosophy?

The love of wisdom

What is the famous quote by Socrates?

The unexamined life is not worth living.

What is Plato's famous book?

Theory of Soul

What is the famous quote by St. Augustine?

Faith is to believe what you do not see; the reward for this faith is to see what you believe. Signup and view all the answers

What is the famous quote by Rene Descartes?

I think therefore I am Signup and view all the answers

What is John Locke's famous quote?

Tabula Rasa Signup and view all the answers

What is the famous quote by David Hume?

There is no self Signup and view all the answers

What is the famous quote by Immanuel Kant?

Theory of Self Unity Signup and view all the answers

What is the famous quote by Sigmund Freud?

Theory of Id, Ego, and Super Ego. Signup and view all the answers

What is the famous quote by Paul Churchland?

The physical brain is where we get our sense of self Signup and view all the answers

What is the famous quote by Merleau-Ponty?

Embodied Perception Signup and view all the answers

What is the famous quote by Gilbert Ryle?

Ghost in the Machine Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of sociology?

The scientific study of society, social relationships, and institutions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages of development in Symbolic Interactionism?

Preparatory Stage, Play Stage, Game Stage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Looking-Glass Self?

Self-identity develops by imagining how others perceive and judge us. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Social Identity Theory?

Explores how group memberships influence self-concept. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main concepts of the Self, according to Joseph LeDoux?

Explicit Self, Implicit Self, Concepts of Self. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main concepts of the Self, as described by Clifford Geertz?

Egocentric and Sociocentric. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four subfields of Anthropology?

Cultural Anthropology, Linguistic Anthropology, Archeological Anthropology, Biological or Physical Anthropology. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Cultural Anthropology?

Studies human society and culture through ethnography and ethnology. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main parts of the self embedded in culture?

Customary beliefs and behaviors passed via enculturation, shaping experiences, cultural influence on self, emotional expression, and norms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the self, according to Urie Bronfenbrenner?

The self is influenced by multiple interacting contexts, including direct interactions, interconnections between contexts, and broader influences. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of the Self, as described by William James?

I-Self and Me-Self. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of the Me-Self?

Material Self, Social Self, Spiritual Self. Signup and view all the answers

What are the five main concepts of the self as described by the textbook?

Self-Consciousness, Self as Multiple, Self as Looking Glass, Self as Structure, Self as Flower. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of the self, as described by David Lester?

Real Self and Ideal Self. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Rita Carter's work?

The concept of multiple selves and how they are integrated into a unified whole. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of the Material Self, as described by William James?

Body and Clothes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the Spiritual Self?

The innermost, subjective part of the self, connecting to the sacred, supernatural, and universe. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Ritual?

A practicelike prayer or worship. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Ceremony?

Significant events such as weddings, graduations, or religious rites. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key assumptions of Logotherapy?

Humans consist of body, mind, and spirit, Life has meaning under all circumstances, People possess freedom and uniqueness. Signup and view all the answers

What does Viktor Frankl believe to be the key to finding life's meaning?

Doing good deeds, Experiencing love and positive emotions, Adopting a meaningful attitude toward unavoidable suffering. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Philosophy

All three philosophies (ancient) view the self as body and soul.
Emphasis on reason, knowledge.
Socrates and Plato: Focus on reason, philosophical inquiry as means of acquiring knowledge
St. Augustine: combines faith and reason with divine revelation.
Modern Times (1856-1974): Rejection of separate mind, emphasis on the body.
Churchland: The self is purely biological.
Freud: The self, shaped by Id, Ego, Superego.
Merleau-Ponty: Self is embodied consciousness
Ryle: Self is not an entity but a set of behaviours.

Similarities

All reject the idea of a separate immaterial mind.

Differences

Western: Values individual fulfillment, existentialism. Focus on finding meaning in life
Eastern: Self transcendence, spiritual liberation.

Sociology

Sociology - Scientific study of society, social relationships, institutions.
Symbolic Interactionism: Constructing the self through interactions.
"I" and "Me": Spontaneous, creative, unpredictable aspect and socialized, reflective aspect.
Stages of development: Preparatory, Play, Game stage.
Looking-Glass Self - Self-identity from internalized perceptions of others
Social Identity Theory - Group memberships influence self-concept
Ingroup vs. Outgroup - Favoring one's group while discriminating against others.
Conflict Theory: Power, inequality, and social structures shape identity.

Anthropology

Anthropology - Study of humans, past and present societies.
The Self embedded in culture
Culture and self: customary beliefs and behaviours.
Egocentric Self - Autonomous, independent, focuses on uniqueness.
Sociocentric Self - Shaped by social roles, relationships, cultural context.
Thick Description: Explains complexities in cultures.
Cultural influences on the self, such as personal traits, relationships, societal structures.
Emotional expression based on cultural expectations and norms.
Individualistic and Collectivist Cultures
Microsystem, Mesosystem, and Macrosystem

Psychology

Psychology- Scientific study of the mind and behaviour
Self as a cognitive construction
I-Self (Pure Ego): Observer of experiences, past, present, future selves.
Me-Self (Empirical Self): Known, evaluated, (Material, Social, Spiritual)
Self-consciousness: Awareness of Self
Self as Multiple: Having various roles or identities
Self as Looking Glass: How we perceive ourselves based on how others view us.
Self as Structure: Framework organizing personal identity.
Self as Flower, as Onion
Self as Creative
Self as Identity, unique traits.
Real and Ideal Self
Real Self: Authentic self (personal, genuine thoughts, feelings).
Ideal Self: Desired self (influenced by societal expectations)
Differentiation of self and separate thoughts, feelings.

Sexual Self

Sexual Self - Totality of oneself from a sexual perspective.
Sex - Biological differences (male, female, intersex)
Gender - Social and cultural roles
Gender Identity (how a person identifies), Gender Expression (external presentation), Biological Sex(physical traits), and Sexual Orientation (whom attracted to).

Reproduction and Secondary Sex Characteristics

Reproduction - Biological processses related to procreation
Secondary characteristics develop during puberty.

Material Self

Material Self - Tangible things that belong to a person
Body Image - Perception of one's body.
Factors affecting the perception of the body
Culture and Beauty
Importance of Beauty, affecting self-esteem and social interaction.

Economic Self

Economic Self - Sense of identity based on economic indicators
Economic Self-Sufficiency, economic consciousness.
Economic Identity, Self-Reliance

Spiritual Self

Spirituality - Search for meaning, purpose.
Spiritual Self - Subjective, relating to the sacred
Connection to the supernatural, universe.
Ritual and ceremonies - expressing faith, social bonding/cultural preservation.

Marking Milestones

Marking Milestones: Events that celebrate significant life events (weddings, graduations).
Examples of Rituals and Ceremonies
Religious beliefs
Christianity, and Buddhism. (Islam, Witchcraft)

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Description

This quiz explores the ancient and modern philosophies regarding the self, including perspectives from Socrates, Plato, St. Augustine, and Freud. It also covers the sociological aspects of the self through symbolic interactionism and individual fulfillment versus transcendence. Test your knowledge on these fundamental ideas.