Philosophy and Self in Sociology
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Questions and Answers

What does John Locke mean by the phrase "the self is consciousness"?

  • The self is defined by physical appearance.
  • The self begins as a blank state and develops through experiences. (correct)
  • The self is a pre-existing entity independent of experiences.
  • The self is a social construct influenced solely by societal norms.

Which of the following best represents the definition of sociology?

  • The evaluation of physical behavior in isolation.
  • The study of individual consciousness.
  • The exploration of philosophical concepts.
  • The systematic study of society and social interaction. (correct)

What is the etymological meaning of the word philosophy?

  • Desire for knowledge.
  • Study of human behavior.
  • Love of wisdom. (correct)
  • Love of reason.

How is the concept of the self characterized in relation to the body?

<p>The self is intimately connected to the state of the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'tabula rasa' imply about human nature according to John Locke?

<p>Humans are born with a blank slate ready to be filled by experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, how is the self influenced by social interactions?

<p>Social interactions deeply influence one's sense of self. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two divisions of the self according to George Herbert Mead?

<p>The I and The Me (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sentiment is expressed in the concept 'familiarize yourself with their philosophy/perspective about human existence'?

<p>Knowing different philosophical perspectives helps in grasping the concept of self. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect of memory is highlighted in understanding the self?

<p>Memory of previous experiences is essential for self-awareness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do individuals form their self-identity?

<p>Through how they believe others view them (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'social identities' refer to?

<p>Individuals' self-concept based on social groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can influence an individual's sense of self according to the concepts provided?

<p>Human interactions and cultural exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the egocentric perspective of the self?

<p>The self is viewed as an autonomous, distinct individual (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the study of human behavior and mental processes?

<p>Psychology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of self-identity is emphasized in modern societies?

<p>It is influenced by various cultures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher argued that self-consciousness proves the existence of the self?

<p>René Descartes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Jean Piaget, how do children’s thinking capabilities compare to those of adults?

<p>Children think differently from adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the 'I' and 'Me' unite according to George Herbert Mead?

<p>The full development of the self is achieved (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can negatively impact an individual's self-image according to the content?

<p>Believing others judge them unfavorably (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Anthropological Self' refer to?

<p>The interaction of an individual with society and culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of phenomenology in relation to the self?

<p>How experiences shape the individual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What language origin does the word 'psychology' derive from?

<p>Latin and Greek (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Plato emphasize about the self in relation to human existence?

<p>The self is an immortal soul that transcends bodily existence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is NOT directly related to self-identity?

<p>The weather patterns in one's region (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Aristotle, how are the body and soul related?

<p>They are not separate entities and function together. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the self-identity described in modern societies?

<p>It lacks continuity and can change over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method did Socrates advocate for gaining self-knowledge?

<p>Use the Socratic method of intuition and emotion examination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept does Albert Bandura's social learning theory support?

<p>People learn by observing others and reflecting on the consequences of actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which way does Immanuel Kant believe the self interacts with reality?

<p>The self constructs its own reality based on experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a social factor influencing self-knowledge?

<p>Sexual Orientation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of self-actualization as described in the content?

<p>To live a good, fulfilling life based on rational thought. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what role does 'soul searching' play in human existence?

<p>It helps achieve a meaningful and happy life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key understanding that children develop during the concrete operational stage?

<p>They become less egocentric. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the formal operational stage take place?

<p>12 years to adulthood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does non-material culture refer to?

<p>Ideas, beliefs, and values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skills emerges in the formal operational stage?

<p>Deductive reasoning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of children's thinking in the concrete operational stage?

<p>They can think logically about concrete events. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory focuses on developmental crises across the lifespan?

<p>Erikson's Psychosocial Developmental Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Freud believe primarily influenced human behavior?

<p>Unconscious memories and urges (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a focus of Piaget's Cognitive Development theory?

<p>Moral reasoning stages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'ideal self' refer to?

<p>The person one wants to become (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of high congruence in Carl Rogers' personality theory?

<p>Healthier and more productive life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the self-concept be described?

<p>A dynamic belief shaped by experiences and expectations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Carl Rogers, what is necessary for individuals to grow?

<p>Acceptance, empathy, and genuineness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does incongruence refer to in Rogers' theory?

<p>The conflict between one’s actual experiences and self-perception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT influence self-concept according to the content?

<p>Social media impacts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-actualization as defined by Rogers?

<p>A continuous process of achieving desires and goals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept does not align with Rogers' view on self-concept?

<p>It is influenced by only negative experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Consciousness and Memory: Forming the Self

The idea that the self is formed through our conscious awareness and memory of past experiences.

Tabula Rasa: Blank Slate

The philosophical idea that the mind is a blank slate at birth, and experiences shape our understanding of the world and ourselves.

Sociological Self

The study of how people, groups, and cultural influences shape our sense of self.

Sociology

The systematic study of society and social interactions.

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Love of Wisdom: Philosophy

The belief that understanding ourselves involves constant questioning and seeking answers about the nature of existence.

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Social Influence on Self

The perspective that our understanding of self is deeply influenced by our interactions within society, culture, and with other people.

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Self as Consciousness and Memory

The core idea that understanding ourselves is about exploring our conscious experiences and the memories that shape who we are.

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Sociology: Studying Everyday Life

The scientific approach to studying social behavior, patterns of relationships, social interactions, and culture.

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The Dynamic Self

The understanding that our sense of self is constantly evolving as we synthesize all our thoughts, experiences, and perceptions.

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Social Self

A psychological theory that highlights the significant role of social interaction in shaping our sense of self.

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Looking-Glass Self

The idea that we develop our understanding of ourselves based on how we think others perceive us.

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The "I" in Mead's Theory

The subjective, spontaneous, and unique aspect of the self.

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The "Me" in Mead's Theory

The objective, learned, and socially influenced part of the self.

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Phenomenology

A philosophical approach that focuses on how individual experiences and perceptions construct reality.

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Egocentric Self

Emphasizes the self as a distinct and independent entity, separate from others.

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Socio-centric Self

Emphasizes the self as a dynamic entity, changing based on social roles and contexts.

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Inquiry into Human Existence

The study of the nature of human existence, seeking to understand the essence, purpose, and fundamental truths about ourselves.

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Plato's View of the Self

Plato believed the self is an eternal soul, distinct from the physical body, and that true happiness and fulfillment come from knowing and purifying this soul.

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Aristotle's View of the Self

Aristotle saw the soul as the essence of the self, but not separate from the body. He believed that humans, with their rational minds, have the capacity for ethical living and achieving a fulfilling life.

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Socrates's View of the Self

Socrates emphasized the importance of self-reflection and introspection. He believed that an unexamined life is not worth living and encouraged questioning one's beliefs and motivations.

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Social Factors Shaping the Self

The interactions and experiences we have with others, including family, social groups, and institutions, shape our sense of self and personal identity.

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Social Learning Theory (Bandura)

Albert Bandura's theory suggests that we learn by observing others and their behaviors. We also learn from the consequences of our own actions.

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Observational Learning

Observational learning occurs when we learn by simply watching others. This is a more efficient form of learning than through direct experience.

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Kant's View of Self-Construction

Immanuel Kant believed that we actively construct our own reality. Through our perception and interpretation, the world becomes familiar, predictable, and meaningful for us.

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Psychological Self

The way we think, feel, and behave. It's influenced by our psychology, or the study of the mind and behavior.

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Anthropological Self

The study of human societies and cultures, including their development. It explores how our interactions with society, culture, and other people shape our sense of self.

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Social Identity

A belief that individuals adopt the identity of a group they are part of, acting in ways they think members of that group act.

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Changing Self

The idea that in modern societies, our sense of self is not strictly defined by customs and traditions, but evolves and changes continuously.

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Cognitive Development

A key concept in the development of children, suggesting that their ability to understand and process information changes as they grow.

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Cultural Medley

The unique blend of cultures that makes up who we are, emphasizing that our self is a complex and changing combination of influences.

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Embracing Yourself

Understanding and appreciating all aspects of yourself, including your strengths and weaknesses, your past experiences, and your future aspirations.

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Sociological Vocabulary

A key skill in understanding sociology: being familiar with the terminology and concepts used to describe social behaviors and patterns.

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Non-Material Culture

Refers to the non-physical aspects of a culture, including ideas, traditions, beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions.

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Conservation

The ability to understand that the quantity of something remains the same even if its appearance changes.

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Concrete Operational Stage

The stage in cognitive development where children begin to think logically about concrete events, but struggle with abstract concepts.

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Formal Operational Stage

The stage in cognitive development where individuals develop the ability to think abstractly, reason logically, and plan systematically.

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Freud's Theory of Personality

The theory that early experiences play a crucial role in shaping an individual's personality.

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Id

The unconscious part of the mind that drives basic instincts and desires.

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Ego

The part of the mind that mediates between the Id's desires and the Superego's restrictions.

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Superego

The part of the mind that represents internalized moral rules and ideals.

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Self-Concept

The perception of who we are based on our past experiences, current circumstances, and future expectations.

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Congruence

A state of alignment between a person's ideal self and their real self. It signifies a sense of wholeness and authenticity.

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Incongruence

A state of discrepancy between a person's ideal self and their real self. It can lead to feelings of dissatisfaction and stress.

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Empathy, Acceptance, and Genuineness

A state of being where individuals can fully embrace and express themselves without being judged or constrained. It promotes growth and well-being.

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Self-Actualization

A state of self-fulfillment where an individual has achieved their full potential. It involves reaching their goals and realizing their desires.

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Ideal Self

What a person wants to become in life. It's the vision they have for themselves.

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Real Self

Who someone is in reality. It's the person they are in their everyday life.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

The belief that individuals achieve their full potential by moving from basic needs to self-actualization.

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Study Notes

Midterm Exam - Understanding the Self

  • Topics are highlighted in green. Yellow highlights and stars mark key topics. Key concepts are bolded.

Philosophical Self

  • John Locke: Self is consciousness; mind at birth is a blank slate (tabula rasa). Previous experiences shape understanding of self.
  • Plato: Self is an immortal soul; focuses on the soul's process of self-knowledge and purification.
  • Aristotle: Soul is the essence of self; body and soul are interconnected; rational nature leads to a fulfilling life (self-actualization).
  • Socrates: Unexamined life is not worth living; introspection is key to self-knowledge (Socratic method).
  • Immanuel Kant: Self constructs its own reality; actively shapes experiences for a predictable and significant world. Self organizes and synthesizes thoughts and perceptions.
  • Edmund Husserl: Phenomenology focuses on how experience shapes the individual; self is purely subjective. People are conscious of the world.
  • René Descartes: "I think, therefore I am"; self-consciousness is proof that a self exists; a thinking entity that doubts, understands, analyzes, questions, and reasons defines the essence of the human self.

Sociological Self

  • Sociology: Systematic study of society and social interactions (Latin: socius - companion, Greek: logos - speech or reason).
  • Social factors (sociocultural factors, relationships, belonging, family, social support, love, marital status, community..)
  • Sociological perspective on self arises from interactions with others, group influence
  • Albert Bandura: Social learning theory; people learn by observing others and the consequences of their actions (observational learning). Bobo doll experiment demonstrates imitative behaviors
  • George Herbert Mead: Self has two divisions ("I" and "Me"); "I" is subjective and active; "Me" is objective and the internalized attitudes/expectations of others; full self development comes from unity of "I" and "Me".

Anthropological Self

  • Anthropology: Science of the natural history of humans; examines societies, cultures, and their development.
  • Sociocultural influences shape self-concept.
  • Culture: Set of unspoken norms that guide group behavior. Edward Taylor view is a complex whole, including knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs.
  • Material/Non-material culture: physical objects (homes, tools, etc) and non-physical concepts (traditions, beliefs, values, language).

Psychological Self

  • Psychology: Study of human behavior and mental processes.
  • Jean Piaget's cognitive development: Children's thinking differs from adults.
  • Sensorimotor (birth-2yrs): Knowledge is limited to sensory perceptions and motor activities.
  • Preoperational (2-6yrs): Uses language; has difficulty with logic and abstract thinking.
  • Concrete operational (7-11yrs): Better understanding of mental operations; grasps conservation.
  • Formal operational (12+yrs): Can think logically about abstract concepts; develops deductive reasoning.
  • Erik Erikson's psychosocial development: Lifespan development; each stage has a developmental crisis.

Moral Development

  • Kohlberg's Moral development: Focuses on how people develop morality.
  • Pre-conventional: Morality based on rewards and punishments (doing right to avoid punishment).
  • Conventional: Morality based on external expectations (following rules for approval).
  • Post-conventional: Morality based on personal ethics (principles).

Personality (Freud)

  • Freud's theory: Early experiences shape personality; focus on the unconscious mind.
  • Id, Ego, Superego: Id (pleasure), Ego (reality), Superego (moral)

Humanistic Psychology

  • Humanistic Psychology: Stresses free will, self-efficacy, self-actualization, inherent goodness and individual uniqueness.
  • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Self-actualization is the pinnacle; needs are physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization (in order from base to top.)
  • Carl Rogers: Self-concept; need for congruence (ideal versus real self); self-fulfillment.

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Description

Explore the intricate relationship between consciousness and self as defined by philosophers like John Locke and George Herbert Mead. This quiz delves into key sociological concepts such as social identity and the influence of interactions on one's sense of self. Test your understanding of how these ideas shape our perspectives on human existence.

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