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PHILOSOPHY All three view the self as a dual entity (body and soul) Philosophy Emphasis on reason as a mean...

PHILOSOPHY All three view the self as a dual entity (body and soul) Philosophy Emphasis on reason as a means to Phila - love attain knowledge. Sophia - wisdom love of wisdom DIFFERENCES Philosophers Socrates and Plato: Focus on 1. Socrates – “The unexamined life is not worth reason and philosophical inquiry for living” knowledge. Self-reflection and critical thinking St. Augustine: Combines faith and 2. Plato – “Theory of Soul” reason, emphasizing divine rational, spirited, and appetitive revelation for true understanding. 3. St. Augustine – “Faith is to believe what you do not see; the reward for this faith is to see what MODERN TIMES (1856 -1974) you believe.” Sigmund Freud, Paul Churchland, Merleau-Pony, and Self is defined by one’s relationship Gilbert Ryle. with God. 4. Rene Descartes –“I think therefore I am” Similarities: Self is defined by one’s thought. All reject the idea of a separate, immaterial mind 5. John Locke –“Tabula Rasa” and “Theory of distinct from the body. Psychological Continuity” Identity is based on memory and Differences: continuity of consciousness. Churchland: The self is purely biological, rooted 6. David Hume –“There is no self” in brain processes. Self is an illusion 7. Immanuel Kant –“Theory of Self Unity” Freud: The self is psychological, shaped by the Self organizes experiences into a id, ego, and superego. coherent whole, Merleau-Ponty: The self is embodied 8. Sigmund Freud –“Theory of Id, Ego, and Super consciousness, tied to physical and worldly Ego.” interactions. Self is a dynamic interaction between the id (instincts), ego Ryle: The self is not an entity but a set of (rational self), and superego (moral behaviors and dispositions. conscience). 9. Paul Churchland –“The physical brain is where WESTERN AND EASTERN PHILOSOPHY we get our sense of self” Similarity: The self is rooted in brain activity. 10. Merleau-Ponty –“Embodied Perception” Both seek Truth and understanding of the best Selfhood arises from bodily way to live. perception. Differences: 11. Gilbert Ryle –“Ghost in the Machine” The self is not separate from the Western: Focuses on individual fulfillment, body; it's behavior. existentialism, and finding meaning in life. Ancient Times (470 BCE – 347 BCE) Eastern: Emphasizes self-transcendence and spiritual liberation. Socrates, Plato, and St. Augustine SIMILARITIES: mawmaw /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\  SOCIOLOGY John Turner o Social Comparisons: Sociology Comparing one’s group to the scientific study of society, social others, influencing self-esteem. relationships, and institutions Sociological Theories and the Self 3. Conflict Theory 1. Symbolic Interactionism Highlights how power, inequality, and Focuses on constructing the self through social structures shape identity. interactions. Karl Marx George Herbert Mead o Class position influences self- o "I" and "Me" concept. 1. I: Spontaneous, o Alienation: Detachment from creative, and labor, others, and self in unpredictable aspect of capitalist societies. the self. o False Consciousness: Workers 2. Me: Socialized, adopting ruling-class ideologies reflective aspect of the against their interests. self, shaped by others' 4. Feminist Perspective perspectives. Focus on how gender and patriarchy influence identity. o Stages of development Judith Butler 1. Preparatory Stage: o Gender Performativity: Gender Imitation without is performed through repeated understanding meaning. actions, not innate or fixed. 2. Play Stage: Role-playing and understanding societal Nancy Chodorow: roles. o Mothering and the Self: 3. Game Stage: Women develop a relational self through maternal Understanding rules and the identification. "generalized other." Men develop an independent Looking-Glass Self: Self-identity self, distinct from maternal develops by imagining how others relationships. perceive and judge us. DIFFERENT INFLUENCES, FACTORS, AND FORCES THAT SHAPE THE SELF SOCIOLOGICALLY 2. Social Identity Theory Explores how group memberships 1. Socialization influence self-concept. 2. Social Identity Theory Henri Tajfel 3. Symbolic Interactionism o Ingroup vs. Outgroup: Favoring 4. The Looking-Glass Self one's group while discriminating 5. Cultural Influences against others. 6. Gender and Identity o Social Categorization: 7. Intersectionality Identifying and adopting group 8. Modernity and the Self norms to build self-concept. 9. Power and Identity 10. Phenomenology and Everyday Life mawmaw /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\  ANTHROPOLOGY 3. Linguistic apology - studies language in its social and Anthropology cultural contexts. the study of humans, focusing on both The Self Embedded in Culture past and present societies. Culture and Self Katherine Ewing - “A unit but unitary” o Customary beliefs and The Self and the Person in Contemporary behaviors passed via Anthropology enculturation. 1. Joseph LeDoux(2002) o Customary beliefs and Aspects of Self behaviors passed via 1. Explicit Self - Self-concepts enculturation. that are consciously accessible. o Csordas (1999): The body as 2. Implicit Self - Aspects of the the foundation of culture, self that are unconscious or not shaping experiences. immediately accessible. o Geertz (1973): Culture is Concepts of Self symbolic and frames knowledge 1. Egocentric - The self is and attitudes. autonomous, independent, and Cultural Influence on Self focused on personal 1. Personality Traits: Shaped by uniqueness. cultural norms and values. 2. Sociocentric - The self is 2. Relationships: Guided by cultural shaped by social roles, systems and societal structures. relationships, and cultural 3. Achievement: context. Success is defined by cultural focus 2. Clifford Geertz (individual or collective). “Culture is public, because meaning 4. Emotional Expression: Influenced is” by cultural expectations and norms. Self Construals “Thick description” explains the complexity within cultures. Individualistic Cultures Subfields of Anthropology o Prioritize autonomy, personal Cultural Anthropoloy - Studies goals, and competition. human society and culture through: o Focus on self-expression and unique traits. o Ethnography: Collectivist Cultures Descriptive, group- o Emphasize group harmony, specific fieldwork. interdependence, and collective o Ethnology: success. Comparative analysis of o Highlight connections between cultural data. individuals and their 1. Archeological Anthropology - communities. Reconstructs past behaviors Urie Bronfenbrenner through material remains (e.g., 1. Microsystem: Direct interactions, artifacts, ancient waste). Relationships are bi-directional. 2. Biological or Physical 2. Mesosystem: Interconnections between Anthropology - Examines microsystems (e.g., parent-teacher evolution, genetics, and physical collaboration). development. mawmaw /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\  3. Exosystem: 1. Self-Consciousness: Awareness of Indirect influences (e.g., parent’s work, oneself as an individual. media). 2. Self as Multiple: The concept of having 4. Macrosystem:Broad cultural, economic, various roles or identities. and societal factors (e.g., ethnicity, 3. Self as Looking Glass: How we perceive ideologies). ourselves based on how others view us. 5. Chronosystem: Time-based changes 4. Self as Structure: A framework that affecting development (e.g., life transitions, organizes personal identity. historical events). 5. Self as Flower: Growth and blossoming of the self over time. PSYCHOLOGY 6. Self as Creative: The ability to adapt and innovate as part of identity. Psychology 7. Self as Onion: Layers of the self that are The scientific study of the mind and revealed over time. behavior 8. Self as Identity: Core characteristics Self as a Cognitive Construction that define who we are. The self is the sense of personal 9. Self as Unicorn: Unique and rare identity and who we are as individuals. aspects of individuality. “I am who I am. 10. Self as Chameleon: Flexibility to change If you are who you are, then who are you and adapt to different environments. that makes you who you are?” Real and Ideal Self William James (1842-1910) Real Self: The authentic self, shaped by American philosopher and psychologist, personal experiences, reality, and the "Father of American Psychology." genuine thoughts and behaviors. I-Self and Me-Self Ideal Self: Aspirational self, influenced 1. I-Self (Pure Ego) by goals, societal expectations, and o Observer of experiences cultural values. o Represents past, present, David Lester and future selves British-American psychologist and o Continuous and unchanging suicidologist 2. Me-Self (Empirical Self) Multiple Selves – normal pyschological o Can be known and phenomena and are adaptive evaluated Unified Self – Integrates multiples o Three Types: identities into a coherent whole. 1. Material Self: Tangible possessions as part of Rita Carter identity. Prominent science writer, lecturer and 2. Social Self: How we act broadcaster, known for her work on the and present ourselves human brain and psychology to others. “Multiplicity: The New Science of 3. Spiritual Self: Inner Personality” thoughts, emotions, Multiple Selves values, and beliefs. 1. Major Self - Core identity; stable, long-term traits, beliefs, and values. Global vs. Differentiated Models of the Self 2. Minor Self - situational self; adapts Global Self - A general sense of identity or to social contexts or roles. self-view as a whole. Differentiated Self - separate personal thoughts and feelings from those of others. mawmaw /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\  3. Micro Self - Fleeting self; 1. Eurocentrism: Favoring momentary, instinctual responses or European beauty ideals (e.g., light emotions. skin, slim figure) Unified Self – encompasses all the 2. Colorism: Discrimination within various sub-levels into coherent whole the same race based on skin Donald Winnicott (1986-1971) tone. An influential English pediatrician and 3. Beauty is not universal: psychoanalyst True Self and False Self Conditioning influences of 1. True Self - represents one's perception of beauty authentic identity, characterized 4. Beauty is not universal: by spontaneity and genuine Globalization lead universal emotions. beauty ideals. 2. False Self - serves as a SEXUAL SELF defensive facade shaped by Sexual Self - The totality of oneself as a sexual societal expectations and being, including positive and negative thoughts, pressure. feelings, and perceptions. PHYSICAL SELF Sexuality - The ways humans experience and express themselves as sexual beings, Physical Self encompassing biological sex, sexual orientation, The Self as impacted by the body and sexual identity Body Image - perception of one's body and the Sex and Gender feeling associated with it. Sex - Biological and physical differences Factors that affect the perception of (male/female/intersex). the physical self Gender - Social and cultural roles, 1. Personal – Introspection and Self- behaviors, and expressions reflection (man/woman/non-binary). 2. Social – Attachment process and The Genderbread Person - is a visual tool used Social Appraisal. to explain gender identity, gender expression, Culture – a social system that is biological sex, and sexual orientation as distinct characterized by the shared meanings but interconnected aspects of a person. that are attributed to people and events 1. Gender Identity - refers to how an individual by its members internally identifies (e.g., woman, man, Beauty – a combination of qualities, genderqueer). such as shape, color, or form, that 2. Gender Expression - describes how a pleases the aesthetic sense, especially person presents themselves through sight. behavior, clothing, or appearance (e.g., Importance of Beauty - Beauty feminine, masculine, androgynous). enhances self-esteem, fosters 3. Biological Sex - refers to physical emotional well-being, promotes self- characteristics such as chromosomes, expression, and strengthens hormones, and reproductive anatomy (e.g., connections, enriching both personal male, female, intersex). and social experiences. 4. Sexual Orientation - describes whom a The impact of culture on body and person is attracted to, based on gender (e.g., self-esteem heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual). Features of Sexuality mawmaw /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\  Reproduction - Biological processes o Erection: Penis stiffens and fills related to procreation. with blood (spinal reflex). Sexualization - Assigning sexual o Ejaculation: Expulsion of meanings to behaviors or appearances. semen, often paired with Secondary Sex Characteristics orgasm. Women’s Sexual Experience: Develop during puberty and signify o Vaginal Lubrication: Facilitates sexual maturity. comfortable sexual activity. Men: o Orgasm: Intense pleasure o Growth of facial/body hair. lasting a few seconds. o Deepening of the voice. Diversity of Sexual Behavior o Emerging Adam’s apple. Solitary Behavior o Muscle Devolopement. o Masturbation: Self-stimulation for arousal or climax. Women: Sociosexual Acts - Intimate behaviors o Changes in the hips, breast, and between individuals, such as hugging, skin kissing, caressing, necking, petting, oral o Brief occurs before orgasm. sex, and anal sex. o Onset of menarche (first Sexually transmitted Disease(STD) - menstruation). Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital o Menstruation herpes, HPV, HIV/AIDS. o Menarche Contraceptive Methods: o Dysmenorrhea Natural Methods o Pre-menstrual syndrome(PMS) 1. Abstinence 2. Calendar Method Erogenous Zones - Sensitive body parts that 3. Basal Body Temperature Method trigger sexual arousal: 4. Cervical Mucus Method Common Zones: Lips, neck, breasts, nipples, 5. Coitus Interruptus (Withdrawal) inner thighs, genitals, ears, lower back. Artificial Methods Biology of Sexual Behavior 1. Oral Contraceptives (Pills) Sex: Biological feature distinguishing 2. Transdermal Patch males from females. 3. Vaginal Ring Chemistry of Sexual Behavior: 4. IUD (Intrauterine Device) 5. Barrier Methods: o Lust: Urge for pleasure through Male and female condoms, sexual intimacy. diaphragms o Love: Triggered by dopamine 6. Surgical Methods: Tubal ligation, (neurotransmitter). vasectomy. o Attachment: Released during and after intimacy. Sexual Response Cycle: MATERIAL SELF 1. Excitement Phase: Increased heart “ I shop, therefore I am” rate, respiration, and arousal. Statement by Barbara Kruger 2. Plateau Phase: Intensified muscle One is defined by what they own. tension and arousal. William James (1842-1910) 3. Orgasm Phase: Involuntary muscle American philosopher and psychologist contractions and intense pleasure. Father of American Pyschology 4. Resolution Phase: Relaxation and I-Self and Me Self return to baseline state. Material Self According to William James Men's Sexual Experience: mawmaw /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\  Material Self - Every tangible thing that Wants: Non-essential desires that an individual considers to be his or hers. enhance quality of life, influenced by Components of Material Self personal and cultural factors. 1. Body - The innermost part of the Materialism: A value system prioritizing material self, essential to one’s material possessions over emotional or identity and well-being. spiritual well-being. 2. Clothes - An extension of the self, Consumerism: The promotion of reflecting personal identity and continuous consumption, often leading consciousness. to excess and waste. 3. Immediate Family - Deeply tied to the self, with their successes or SPIRITUAL SELF losses significantly affecting one’s Spirituality sense of being. Derived from the Latin word spiritus 4. Home - The foundational space (breath or life force). where early experiences shape and Represents the search for meaning, imprint the self. purpose, and connection to a Russel Belk transcendent being or higher power. “We regard our possessions as part of Spiritual Self ourselves. We are what we have and The innermost, subjective part of the what we possess.” self, connecting to the sacred, He expanded James’ idea on material supernatural, and universe. self (material self as the expanded self) Dungan Material Self: The Extended Self refers to the spirit or soul within a living highlights how possessions become part being, believed to co-exist with the body. of our identity, shaping self-perception responsible for life, reasoning, and influencing how others see us. consciousness, emotions, and the ability to influence or dominate others. ECONOMIC SELF Tagalog: Kaluluwa | Ilokano: Kadkadduwa Economic Self - The sense of identity and value | Bukidnon: Makuta derived from one's economic status, financial Functions of Rituals capabilities, and situation. 1. Economic Self-Sufficiency: The ability to 1. Expressing Faith: Demonstrates devotion to meet basic needs independently without spiritual beings through practices like prayer or external assistance. worship. 2. Economic Consciousness: Awareness of 2. Providing Order: Offers stability and comfort economic systems and one’s position within through repeated actions. them, guiding informed choices. 3. Economic Identity: Linking economic class, 3. Strengthening Community Bonds: Fosters income, or job to self-worth and reflecting belonging and shared identity within groups. this in spending habits. Functions of Ceremonies 4. Economic Self-Reliance: Managing 1. Social Bonding: Bring people together, financial affairs independently with creating a sense of community. responsibility and resourcefulness. 2. Cultural Preservation: Passes down Needs: Essential requirements for traditions and customs through survival and well-being. generations. mawmaw /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\  3. Marking Milestones: Celebrates 2. Experiencing love and positive significant events such as weddings, emotions. graduations, or religious rites. 3. Adopting a meaningful attitude Examples of Rituals and Ceremonies toward unavoidable suffering. Rituals Key Assumptions of Logotherapy o Meditation (Bhavana): Ancient 1. Humans consist of body, mind, and practice of concentration and spirit. contemplation. 2. Life has meaning under all o Baptism: Christian ritual circumstances. symbolizing purification and 3. People possess freedom and rebirth. uniqueness. o Sawm (Fasting): Islamic ritual 4. Meaningful decisions are essential observed during Ramadan. for life’s demands. Ceremonies The Tragic Triad - Suffering, guilt, and death can o Vesak (Buddha Day): Celebrates lead to personal triumph and deeper meaning Buddha’s birth and enlightenment in when embraced positively. Buddhism. o Eid al-Fitr: Islamic celebration marking the end of Ramadan. Religion Belief in a god or gods and the associated practices, such as worship and devotion. Types of Religion 1. Christianity: Based on the teachings of Jesus Christ. 2. Buddhism: Focuses on overcoming suffering through wisdom, virtue, and meditation. 3. Islam: A monotheistic faith revealed through the Prophet Muhammad. Witchcraft and Magic Witchcraft: Practice of supernatural magic, often believed to be harmful. Types of Witchcraft 1. Pangkukulam: Malevolent black magic in the Philippines. 2. Albularyo: Healers using prayer or supernatural powers. 3. Gayuma: Love potions for attracting a mate. Magic -Extraordinary power or influence from a supernatural source. Viktor Frankl’s Logotherapy Three Ways to Find Life’s Meaning 1. Doing good deeds. mawmaw /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\ mawmaw /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\