Reviewer and Summary of Lessons for GEUTS01X Understanding the Self 2024-2025 PDF

Reviewer and Summary of Lessons for: John Locke: MIDTERM EXAMINATION “The self is conciousness” GEUTS01X – Understanding the Self The human mind at birth is tabula rasa or a blank Term 1, Academic...

Reviewer and Summary of Lessons for: John Locke: MIDTERM EXAMINATION “The self is conciousness” GEUTS01X – Understanding the Self The human mind at birth is tabula rasa or a blank Term 1, Academic Year 2024-2025 state. Conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences are the keys to understanding the self. The main topics are highlighted using green color. While I used yellow highlights and star symbol to Reminder: You are your own philosopher. mark/highlight the specific topic covered to narrow Exam tip for Philosophical Perspective: Familiarize down the concepts that you need master. Exam tips yourself with their philosophy/ perspective about human are highlighted with turquoise color. Generally, existence. Memorize the emphasized word attached to familiarized yourself with the words in bold font and their philosophy. make sure to recall the examples given. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Sociological Self (5 items) Philosophical Self (5 items) How our interaction to the society, culture and other How do we create a meaningful self people influenced our sense of self Ask yourself the following: Sociology: systematic study of society and social What do we mean by the “self”? interaction. Derived from: How would you characterize yourself? Latin word socius (companion) How is yourself connected to your body? Greek word logos (speech or reason) How is yourself related to other selves? “reasoned speech about companionship” The etymological definition of philosophy: Sociology refers to social behavior, society, Philia-love; Sophia- wisdom patterns of social relationships, social interaction, “love of wisdom" and culture that surrounds everyday life. -pertain to the desire for truth by formulating Based on the assumption that human behavior never ending questions to provide answers to every is influenced by group life. inquiry about the nature of human existence A particular view of oneself is formed through -employs inquisitive mind to discover the interactions with other people, groups, or social ultimate causes, reasons, and principles of everything institutions. Plato: Social factors: “The self is an immortal soul.” Family Relationships Process of self-knowledge and purification of Social Support Belonging the soul Love Marital Status Giving justice to human existence Community Give more importance to soul than physical body Sociocultural factors Aristotle: Race Gender “The soul is the essence of the self. ” Sexual Orientation Religion Body and soul are not a separate entiies. Socioeconomic Status Ethnicity Humans has the capacity for rational thinking. Culture The rational nature of the self is to lead a good, flourishing, and fulfilling life (self-actualization) Albert Bandura: Socrates: Social learning theory “An unexamined life is not worth living.” People learn through observing others by attending to The Socratic method “introspection” the consequences of their own actions. a method of carefully examining one's thoughts Observational Learning- allows individuals to and emotions to gain self-knowledge. learn without performing a certain behavior Soul Searching = meaningful and happy life through mere observations alone. Immanuel Kant: It is much more efficient than learning through “We construct the self” direct experience. The self construct its own reality, actively Bobo Doll Experiment: children tend to creating a world that is familiar, predictable, and imitate/copy/adopt the behaviors they most significant. watched/observed Self is actively organizing and synthesizing all of our thoughts and perceptions. George Herbert Mead: Edmund Husserl: Self has two divisions: the “I” and the “Me”. Phenomenology focused on how experiences shape The “I” is the subjective element and active the individual. -spontaneous and unique traits SELF is purely subjective. The “Me” is the objective element The conception of oneself is dynamic -“internalized” attitudes, expectations, and People are always conscious of the world. demands of other people. René Descartes: -learned in interaction with others and with the “I think therefore I am” environment The act of thinking about the self, and being self- Full development of the self is attained when the “I” and conscious is a proof that there is a self “Me” are united. the essence of the human self: a thinking entity that Who you really are and what others see as. doubts, understands, analyzes, questions, and reasons. Charles Horton Cooley: Two Anthropological Perspectives of the Self Looking-glass self Egocentric- a concept of the self where the self is seen Individuals base their sense of self on how they as an autonomous and distinct individual. believe others view them Socio-centric- depends on context. The people whom a person interacts with Each person exists as an entity only within the concrete becomes a mirror in which he views himself. situation or role occupied by the person. Since these perceptions are subjective, there might be some wrong interpretations of how people evaluate Social Identities- people construct their self-identity him/her. from the similarities and differences in characteristics It would be critical if he/she thinks other judge him/her among individuals. unfavorably because he/she could develop a negative Example: You have categorized yourself as a student, the self-image. chances are you will adopt the identity of a student and begin to act in the ways you believe students act (and Gerry Lanuza: conform to the norms of the group). In modern societies self identity is no longer restricted by customs and traditions. Reminder: You are composed of variation of cultures. Self Identity continuously change. Celebrate them all as you celebrate yourself. Exam tip for Sociological Perspective: Familiarize Reminder: Embrace every version of yourself yourself with the specific terms used and recall how Exam tip for Sociological Perspective: Familiarize individuals adopt to the culture, yourself with the specific terms used by the sociologist ------------------------------------------------------------------- and their perception about how an individual view Psychological Self himself. How do we think, feel and behave (TFB) ------------------------------------------------------------------- From Modern Latin psychologia "the study of Anthropological Self (5 items) the soul" How our interaction to the society, culture and other From Latinized form of Greek psykhē "breath, people influenced our sense of self spirit, soul" Anthropology (see psyche) + logia "study of" (see -logy). "science of the natural history of man" "science or study of the phenomena of the mind" from Modern Latin anthropologia. Modern Society: Psychology is the scientific study of In Aristotle, anthrōpologos is used literally, as human behavior and mental processes. "speaking of man." The study of human societies and cultures and JEAN PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (5 items) their development. Children think differently than adults. In anthropology, the self-came to be understood He asserted that the way we absorb information as a process that orchestrates an individual's adjusts and advances as we become older. personal experience following which she/he becomes self-aware and self-reflective about SENSORIMOTOR STAGE: BIRTH TO 2 YRS her or his place in society Infant's knowledge of the world is limited to his or her sensory perceptions and motor activities Culture is the set of unwritten norms of conduct that Behaviors are limited to simple motor responses guide the behavior of a group. It has such a greater caused by sensory stimuli. influence on an individual’s life contributing majority to -No object permanence the self-concept of an individual. -Object permanence: the understanding that objects Edward Taylor- defined the culture that it is a complex continue to exist even when they cannot be seen whole which includes: -knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any PRE-OPERATIONAL STAGE: 2 TO 6 YRS other capabilities and habits acquired by man. Children learns to use language Cannot understand concrete logic Material and Non-material Culture Cannot mentally manipulate information The physical objects of the culture and the ideas Children become much more skilled at pretend associated with these objects play during this stage of development. All of these physical and non-physical aspects and ideas Yet they continue to think very concretely about of a culture help to define its members' behaviors and the world around them. perceptions. -Egocentrism: Unable to take the point of view of other people (egocentric). Material culture -No conservation refers to the physical objects, resources, and -Conservation is the understanding that something spaces that people use to define their culture. stays the same in quantity even though its appearance homes, neighborhoods, cities, schools, changes. This can apply to aspects such as volume, churches, temples, offices, factories and plants, number, area, etc. tools, means of production, goods and products, stores, and so forth. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE: 7 TO 11 YRS Non‐material culture Children gain a better understanding of mental refers to the non-physical ideas that people operations. have about their culture. Understand the idea of conservation this traditions, beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, time. language, organizations, and institutions. -Children begin thinking logically about concrete events but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. -Children become less egocentric and begin to think about how other people might think and feel. -Begin to understand that their thoughts are unique to them and that not everyone else necessarily shares their thoughts, feelings, and opinions. FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE: 12 YRS TO ADULHOOD Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning also Exam tip for Kohlberg’s Moral Development: emerge during this stage. Familiarize yourself with the stages and examples and People develop the ability to think about what is the specific reasoning of an individual on specific abstract concepts. stages. Exam tip for Piaget Cognitive Development: SIGMUND FREUD’S THE PERSONALITY (5 items) Familiarized yourself with the specific stages, ages and Freud believed that it was early experiences that played cognitive milestones. the greatest role in shaping development. He asserted that human behavior is influenced by ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL unconscious memories, thoughts, and urges. THEORY (5 items) Focuses on development across the entire lifespan. At each stage, children and adults face a developmental crisis that serves as a major turning point. Exam tip for Freud’s Theory: Familiarize yourself with the term Conscious and Unconscious mind as well as the difference between Id, Ego, and Superego. Reminder: You have your own power and own way in decision making. Be responsible for your actions and Exam tip for Erikson’s Psychosocial: Familiarized learn from the consequences. Discover how powerful yourself with the specific stages, ages, basic conflict you truly are. and important events. ------------------------------------------------------------------- Reminder: You still have a lot of time to become who HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY you wanted to become. Relax, you’ll get there. One A perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole stage at a time. Just keep the vision and trust the individual and stresses concepts such as free will, self- process. efficacy, and self-actualization. ------------------------------------------------------------------- It strives to help people fulfill their full potential and LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S MORAL DEVELOPMENT maximize their well-being. (6 items) People are inherently good and are unique individuals A theory that focuses on how children develop morality who should be treated as such. and moral reasoning Heinz Dilemma Abraham Maslow (9 items) A woman has cancer, and her doctors believe founder of positive psychology that only one drug might save her. This drug had been discovered by a local pharmacist and he was able to make it for $200 per dose and sell it for $2,000 per dose. The woman's husband, Heinz, could only raise $1,000 to buy the drug. He tried to negotiate with the pharmacist for a lower price or to be extended credit to pay for it over time. But the pharmacist refused to sell it for any less or to accept partial payments. Rebuffed, Heinz instead broke into the pharmacy and stole the drug to save his wife. If you’re Heinz, would you steal the drug or not? Exam tip for Maslow’s Hierarchy: memorize the By questioning your beliefs about yourself, you'll hierarchy (the sequence and examples). I understand gain insight into your Self Concept. that you have your own sources of your personal needs And once you understand your Self Concept but you have to stick to Maslow’s examples for this better, you'll be able to improve it. exam. Exam tip for Roger’s concept: Familiarize yourself with Carl Rogers (5 items) the definition of ideal and real self as well as the concept a supporter of Abraham Maslow of congruence and importance of environment. Maslow believed that people gain their full Reminder: In a world that measures our worth by potential by shifting from fundamental achievements, you are enough just as who you are. needs towards self-actualization. Roger's personality theory added that people in their daily lives need an environment with empathy, acceptance and genuineness to grow. According to Carl Rogers, a person attains the level of self-actualization when they accomplish their desires, wishes and goals, at each stage of their life and is a continuous lifelong process. 2 categories of self; real and ideal self. The real self indicates what someone is in real life, and ideal self is what someone wants to become in his life. In real life, people’s ideal self is not consistent with what happens in real life. In the field of Psychology, the difference between the actual experiences and the actual self is incongruence. Congruence occurs when one's thinking about the ideal self and real self are quite related, i.e. when one's self-concept is accurate and strong. High congruence results in a healthier and more productive life with a higher sense of self-worth Self Concept is the belief we hold about ourselves. We believe who we are based on our past experiences, our current circumstances, and our future expectations. Self Concept is not static; it changes over time. We change our Self Concept when we experience events that affect us emotionally. Self Concept was influenced by three factors: 1) Our parents' attitudes toward us (our early environment). 2) The beliefs we hold about ourselves (our internal world). 3) Our perceptions of others (the external world).