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Questions and Answers
What philosophical view asserts that all events, including human actions, are determined by preceding events?
What philosophical view asserts that all events, including human actions, are determined by preceding events?
Which philosophical position argues that common-sense mental states do not exist?
Which philosophical position argues that common-sense mental states do not exist?
In Plato's Symposium, what concept does Diotima associate with love (eros)?
In Plato's Symposium, what concept does Diotima associate with love (eros)?
Which term refers to the view that reality consists of two different kinds of substances, typically mind and body?
Which term refers to the view that reality consists of two different kinds of substances, typically mind and body?
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What describes the fallacy where the conclusion of an argument is assumed in its premises?
What describes the fallacy where the conclusion of an argument is assumed in its premises?
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What is the philosophical idea that posits events are determined by forces beyond human control?
What is the philosophical idea that posits events are determined by forces beyond human control?
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Which position asserts that it is impossible to have knowledge of anything?
Which position asserts that it is impossible to have knowledge of anything?
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What is the philosophical position that mental states are caused by physical processes but do not influence them?
What is the philosophical position that mental states are caused by physical processes but do not influence them?
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What philosophical method is Socrates primarily known for?
What philosophical method is Socrates primarily known for?
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Which philosopher is associated with the concept of rationalism?
Which philosopher is associated with the concept of rationalism?
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In the context of quantum mechanics, what does quantum indeterminacy refer to?
In the context of quantum mechanics, what does quantum indeterminacy refer to?
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What does the term 'relativity of identity' suggest?
What does the term 'relativity of identity' suggest?
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What does reductionism aim to achieve in philosophical analysis?
What does reductionism aim to achieve in philosophical analysis?
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What is the significance of Laplace's demon in philosophy?
What is the significance of Laplace's demon in philosophy?
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Which statement best captures Seng-chao's view of reality?
Which statement best captures Seng-chao's view of reality?
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What does the premise in an argument provide?
What does the premise in an argument provide?
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What is an example of Weak AI?
What is an example of Weak AI?
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Which philosopher is known for his critique of utilitarianism?
Which philosopher is known for his critique of utilitarianism?
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Which term describes a belief considered foundational and self-evident?
Which term describes a belief considered foundational and self-evident?
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What defines a necessary truth?
What defines a necessary truth?
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In what context did Baron d’Holbach argue for determinism?
In what context did Baron d’Holbach argue for determinism?
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How do categorical desires differ from conditional desires?
How do categorical desires differ from conditional desires?
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What aspect of AI does Strong AI pertain to?
What aspect of AI does Strong AI pertain to?
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What are atoms traditionally considered in classical physics?
What are atoms traditionally considered in classical physics?
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What are the three conditions that must be satisfied for a person to know something?
What are the three conditions that must be satisfied for a person to know something?
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Which term refers to the view that everything that exists is material?
Which term refers to the view that everything that exists is material?
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What does Methodological Skepticism aim to achieve?
What does Methodological Skepticism aim to achieve?
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Which philosopher argued that reality is unchanging and that change is an illusion?
Which philosopher argued that reality is unchanging and that change is an illusion?
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What principle suggests that the simplest explanation is usually the best?
What principle suggests that the simplest explanation is usually the best?
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In the context of belief systems, which term describes a belief that is dependent on other beliefs?
In the context of belief systems, which term describes a belief that is dependent on other beliefs?
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What does Multiple-Realizability imply about mental states?
What does Multiple-Realizability imply about mental states?
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What does gross consciousness primarily refer to?
What does gross consciousness primarily refer to?
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What is the core belief of hard determinism?
What is the core belief of hard determinism?
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Which philosophical position allows for knowledge in some areas while denying it in others?
Which philosophical position allows for knowledge in some areas while denying it in others?
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Which philosopher is associated with the idea that 'everything flows'?
Which philosopher is associated with the idea that 'everything flows'?
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The inconsistent triad highlights a conflict between which three propositions?
The inconsistent triad highlights a conflict between which three propositions?
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What does Plato's Allegory of the Cave primarily illustrate?
What does Plato's Allegory of the Cave primarily illustrate?
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What does the infinite regress of justification refer to?
What does the infinite regress of justification refer to?
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What does the term 'Certainty' refer to in epistemology?
What does the term 'Certainty' refer to in epistemology?
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What is the main focus of interactionist dualism?
What is the main focus of interactionist dualism?
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John Searle's Chinese Room thought experiment challenges which concept?
John Searle's Chinese Room thought experiment challenges which concept?
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According to the concept associated with John Locke, how does one acquire knowledge?
According to the concept associated with John Locke, how does one acquire knowledge?
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What does justification involve in the context of beliefs?
What does justification involve in the context of beliefs?
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What does the term 'Cogito' refer to in philosophy?
What does the term 'Cogito' refer to in philosophy?
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What does compatibilism suggest about free will and determinism?
What does compatibilism suggest about free will and determinism?
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What did David Hume primarily advocate for in philosophy?
What did David Hume primarily advocate for in philosophy?
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Which concept emphasizes the idea that everything in the universe is made up of indivisible particles?
Which concept emphasizes the idea that everything in the universe is made up of indivisible particles?
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Derek Parfit challenged traditional views in moral philosophy by focusing on what aspect?
Derek Parfit challenged traditional views in moral philosophy by focusing on what aspect?
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Study Notes
Actual
- Refers to what is real or existing in the present moment, as opposed to what is merely possible or hypothetical.
Possible
- Refers to what could exist or occur, given the absence of contradictions or external constraints.
Necessary
- A property or state of affairs that must be true, regardless of circumstances or conditions.
- A necessary truth cannot be false.
A. J. Ayer
- A British philosopher known for his work in logical positivism and his defense of empiricism.
- His major work, Language, Truth, and Logic, argued for the verification principle and the rejection of metaphysics.
Alan Turing
- A British mathematician and computer scientist considered the father of modern computing and artificial intelligence.
- He proposed the Turing Test as a way to measure a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior.
Weak AI
- Also known as narrow AI.
- Refers to machines or systems designed to perform specific tasks, without consciousness or general intelligence. (e.g., voice assistants, recommendation systems)
Strong AI
- Refers to the hypothetical concept of AI that possesses human-like consciousness, understanding, and reasoning abilities.
Atoms
- Fundamental particles of matter, traditionally considered indivisible in classical physics.
- Later understood to consist of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons).
Baron d'Holbach
- A French philosopher and prominent figure in the Enlightenment.
- Known for his materialist and determinist views, arguing that everything, including human behavior, is determined by physical laws.
- Notably in "The System of Nature."
Basic belief
- A foundational belief not derived from other beliefs.
- Typically considered self-evident or directly justified without further support.
Categorical Desires
- Desires independent of conditions or contingencies.
- Opposite to conditional desires that depend on circumstances or outcomes.
Cave (Plato)
- Refers to Plato's Allegory of the Cave.
- Illustrates the difference between the world of appearances and the world of reality.
- Emphasizes the philosopher's role in seeking truth beyond sensory perception.
Certainty
- The state of being absolutely sure about a belief or proposition.
- Often considered a standard for knowledge in epistemology.
Chauvinism
- An attitude of exaggerated or unreasonable loyalty or belief in the superiority of one's own group, gender, species, or other category.
Chinese Room
- A thought experiment challenging the notion of "strong AI."
- Questions whether a machine behaving intelligently truly understands the content it processes.
Closure of Physical Laws
- The idea that physical laws govern all events and phenomena in the universe, implying everything is explainable by these laws.
Cogito
- Refers to Descartes' famous phrase "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am").
- Affirms self-consciousness as a most certain form of knowledge.
Conditional Desires
- Desires dependent on specific conditions or circumstances.
Compatibilism (soft determinism)
- The view that free will and determinism are not mutually exclusive.
- Humans can have free will even if determinism is true.
Complex Ideas
- Ideas made up of simpler ideas combined in various ways, as opposed to indivisible simple ideas. (e.g., tree made of leaves, branches, wood)
Constancy and Flux
- A concept in metaphysics regarding whether the world is stable and unchanging (constancy) or always in motion and change (flux).
- Heraclitus famously emphasized flux.
Custom
- Socially accepted practices or habitual actions.
- Often considered by philosophers in discussions of moral or cultural norms.
David Hume
- 18th-century Scottish philosopher known for his skepticism about human understanding, especially causality.
- Advocated for empiricism.
Democritus
- Ancient Greek philosopher.
- Developed the theory of atomism, proposing that everything in the universe is made up of indivisible particles (atoms).
Derek Parfit
- British philosopher known for his work on personal identity, ethics, and the philosophy of mind.
- Argued that personal identity is not as important as traditionally thought in moral philosophy.
Determinism
- The philosophical view that all events, including human actions, are determined by preceding events according to natural laws.
Diotima
- Fictional philosopher in Plato's Symposium.
- Depicted as teaching Socrates about love (eros), arguing it's a ladder leading from physical attraction to intellectual and spiritual ascension.
Dualism
- The view that reality consists of two fundamentally different kinds of substances (often mind and body, or mental and physical).
Eliminativism
- A philosophical position in the philosophy of mind arguing that common-sense mental states (beliefs, desires) do not exist and should be eliminated in favor of scientific explanations.
Empiricism
- The epistemological view that knowledge primarily comes from sensory experience and observation.
- Associated with philosophers like John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.
Epiphenomenalism
- A view in the philosophy of mind that mental states are caused by physical processes but have no causal influence on physical states.
Evil Demon
- A thought experiment by René Descartes, imagining a deceptive demon to raise doubts about the certainty of our knowledge.
Explanation
- The process of making something clear or understandable, typically by describing its causes or principles.
Fallacy of Circular Reasoning
- A logical fallacy where the conclusion of an argument is assumed in the premises.
- Leading to a form of reasoning where the validity cannot be established.
Fallacy of Equivocation
- A logical fallacy using a word or phrase with different meanings in different parts of an argument.
- Leading to a misleading or invalid conclusion.
Fatalism
- The philosophical belief that events are determined by forces beyond human control.
- Humans are powerless to change their fate.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key philosophical concepts such as actuality, possibility, and necessity, along with insights into influential figures like A. J. Ayer and Alan Turing. Delve into the distinctions between weak AI and other forms of artificial intelligence. This quiz is perfect for students of philosophy and computer science alike.
