Philosophie Politique Libérale

Philosophie Politique Libérale

• Liberty is fundamental; individual rights outweigh state interests.
• Pre-1848 liberalism was associated with the left, but later evolved into a right-leaning bourgeoisie liberal movement.
• Key thinkers like Hobbes and Montesquieu developed natural rights theories (religious tolerance, property rights, etc.).
• Social contract theory emphasizes individual agreements forming a public power structure, limiting absolute power.
• Liberalism advocates for constitutional and bicameral parliamentary systems.

Cultures Politiques

• Culture encompasses societal norms, values, knowledge, and beliefs regulating political behavior.
• These vary across individuals and countries.

Bicameralism

• Bicameralism, in contrast to a single-chamber system, involves two legislative chambers.
• Federal states often employ bicameralism, with one chamber representing the national populace and another representing regional interests.
• Unitary or non-federal states may use bicameralism to balance legislative power against the executive branch.

British Monarchy

• The British monarchy is a parliamentary system with restricted royal power.
• Documents like the Bill of Rights and Habeas Corpus limit arbitrary power and protect liberties like freedom of the press.
• Religious freedom (albeit still within an overarching Anglican dominance) and religious tolerance exist.

Westminster Model

• The Westminster system is a governing structure based in the UK.
• It exhibits characteristics like executive power shared with Parliament members.
• The legislative power is executed through the Houses of Parliament.

Parliament

• The Parliament is structured into the House of Lords (representing the aristocracy) and the House of Commons (representing the people).
• The Lords hold life appointments and often have clerical/military roles; the Commons are directly elected by universal suffrage.
• The House of Commons holds the exclusive power to generate financial bills.
• The early 19th century experienced increasing democratic pressures with expanding suffrage and decreasing power of the House of Lords.

German Empire (1871-1918), Weimar Republic (1918-1933), and Nazi Germany (1933-1945)

• The German Empire was a parliamentary monarchy with a dual chamber parliament (the Bundestag and the Bundesrat).

• The German emperor (Kaiser) held significant power over the selection of the Chancellor and legislative process.

• The unification process faced internal conflicts (Great vs Small Germany).

• Bismarck's role in the formation of the German Empire is significant.

• The Weimar Republic saw significant shifts in government structure.

• Post-WWI Germany adopted a presidential system with a bicameral parliament.

• The Third Reich (Nazi Germany) was marked by a totalitarian dictatorship with significant power imbalances within the government structure.

Italian Unification

• The process called "Risorgimento" led to the unification of Italy in the 19th century.
• A constitutional monarchy with elected Chambers and an appointed Senate with representatives from families and the aristocracy.

Suffrage and Suffragettes

• The expansion of suffrage (the right to vote) in Europe occurred in two major waves after WWI and WWII.
• The suffragette movement, primarily in Great Britain, led the fight for women's suffrage and created a significant shift in women's political rights.

Ce quiz explore les concepts fondamentaux de la philosophie politique libérale, y compris la définition de la liberté, les droits individuels et l'évolution du libéralisme. Il aborde également la théorie du contrat social et l'importance du bicaméralisme dans les systèmes politiques modernes.