Philosophical Approaches in Education

Philosophy of Education

• Philosophy literally means "love of wisdom." It seeks a rational understanding of reality, encompassing the universe, human nature, destiny, and the Absolute.
• A personal philosophy of education outlines one's views on learners, curriculum, and teaching methods. It directs actions and decisions.

Philosophy and Education

• Philosophy: The study of fundamental questions about knowledge, reality, existence, values, reason, mind, and language. Derived from Greek "philosophia," meaning "love of wisdom."
• Education: The process of facilitating learning and acquiring knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Methods include teaching, training, storytelling, discussion, and research.

Philosophical Foundations of Education

Western Philosophies

• Idealism: Aims to foster individual ability and moral excellence to benefit society. Curriculum emphasizes mind-related subjects: literature, history, philosophy, and religion.
• Realism: Focuses on logic, critical thinking, and the scientific method to understand reality. Schools aim to teach students about the world around them.
• Pragmatism/Experimentalism: Emphasizes practical application and experiential learning. Education should facilitate growth and life skills through cooperative projects and activities, rather than relying on tradition.

Eastern Philosophies

• Hinduism: Shiksha (education) is valued for knowledge and skills (vidya) for life; aims for success and ultimately, wisdom.

• Buddhism: Develops a child's physical, mental, moral, and intellectual traits. Goals include producing free, wise, intelligent, moral, non-violent, and secular individuals. Teachers are responsible for effective lessons, grading, feedback, classroom management, and curriculum navigation.

• Confucianism: Learning's purpose is to become fully human. Education is a means for transformation and understanding human nature.

• Taoism: Based on the concepts of yin (earth) and yang (heaven). Everything is interconnected and constantly changing; education should prepare students for varied experiences.

• Zen Buddhism: Emphasizes meditation for enlightenment, inner nature, wisdom and compassion.

• Christian Philosophy: Guidance for all aspects of student life (curriculum, character, practical living). Incorporates biblical values and teachings throughout all educational levels.

• Saracenic Philosophy: Strives to develop individual initiative and social well-being (liberal education). Initially focused on religious education and memorization of the Quran.