Philippines Nationalism and World Trade

• The failure of the early resistance can be linked to the Filipinos absence of national consciousness.
• Nationalism is the product of history and nurture, not nature.
• Common factors such as religion, culture, or language are needed to bind people together in identifying as a group.
• A sense of belonging developed in the Philippines through economic prosperity and political dynamism.

Opening of the Philippines to World Trade

• The abolition of galleon trade in 1815 eliminated the country's isolationalism policy.
• The port in Manilla was opened in 1834 to recover it's losses.
• Other ports were opened in the Philippines.
• Modern methods of agriculture were introduced as a result.
• Communication and transportation improved.
• Filipinos were given the opportunity to trade and improve their economic status.
• The improvement in the natives' condition led to the emergence of the Filipino middle class.
• The children of well-off families were exposed to better education in Europe.
• The French Revolution became a model for Filipino transformation.
• Liberty, equality, and fraternity were embraced for emancipation of Filipinos from slavery.
• The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 improved the system of trading.
• The Suez Canal is a man-made canal connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, shortening travel between Europe and Asia.
• The opening of Suez Canal motivated more Europeans to come to the Philippines, propagating liberal ideas.

Liberal Regime of Carlos Ma. De La Torre

• French expansionism brought a turning point in Spain.
• Gov. Gen. Carlos Ma. De La Torre sent significant reforms to the Philippines.
• Freedom of speech was encouraged and open communication with people.
• The Spanish monarchy was restored and Rafael Izquierdo replaced De La Torre.

Secularization Controversy

• The move for secularization started with the efforts of Father Pelaez against discrimination among native clergy.
• The Council of Trent wanted to transfer the administration of all parishes to the secular priest.
• Rafael Izquierdo used his position to deprive Filipinos of opportunity.
• Father Jose Burgos, a student of Father Pelaez, continued the struggle of his teacher.
• Articles and manifestos were written exposing the discrimination, but it considered the author an enemy.

Cavite Mutiny

• When Izquierdo was appointed governor-general, he abolished the exemption of native soldiers from tribute payment and forced labor.
• Mutiny leader was Sgt. La Madrid.
• 200 soldiers took arms against the government on January 20, 1872.
• The mutineers expected help from the 7th Infantry of Cavite and Manila, but no help came.
• Gen. Izquierdo stopped the uprising.
• Filipino soldiers were defeated and surrendered to the Spaniards.
• The mutiny gave the government reasons to punish its enemies.

Execution of GOMBURZA

• Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were among those arrested.
• The three priests were implicated as the masterminds of the mutiny through false testimony.
• Francisco Zaldua, a former soldier paid by Spanish authorities, provided the false testimony.
• After a mock trial the three priests were found guilty and executed via garrote.
• On February 17, 1872, Frs. Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were escorted to meet their death.
• Fr. Mariano Gomez was executed first, followed by Fr. Jacinto Zamora and Fr. Jose Burgos.
• The people removed their hats as a sign of respect and knelt and prayed during the execution.

The Propaganda Movement

• Limited education in the colony and abuses led 'ilustrados' to send kids to Europe for education.
• Education in Europe led to scientific advancement, nationalism, and the passion for reforms developed among Filipino students.
• The Propaganda Movement was founded in this setting.

Aims of The Propaganda Movement

• Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain
• Restoration of Filipino representation to Spanish Cortes
• Secularization of parishes
• Equality between Spaniards and Filipinos
• Human rights such as freedom of speech and of the press
• Economic development
• Reforms in the government
• Reforms in education such as a better system for public schools

Members of the Propaganda Movement

• Marcelo H. Del Pilar pen name was Plaridel
• José Rizal's pen names were Laong Laan and Dimas Alang
• Mariano Ponce pen name was Naning, Tikbalang or Kalipulako
• Antonio Luna pen name was Taga-Ilog
• Jose Ma. Panganiban pen name was Jomapa
• Dominador Gomez pen name was Ramiro Franco

La Solidaridad

• It was first published on February 15, 1889.
• Jaena was the first editor, Rizal declined the offer.
• The newspaper published articles, essays, current news, and Spanish leaders' speeches on the Philippines.
• Filipino propagandists used different names for the newspaper.
• On October 31, 1889, Lopez-Jaena passed editorship to Marcel H. Del Pilar, who left his family in the Philippines.
• The newspaper survived via contributions from propagandists and sympathetic foreigners.
• La Solidaridad was last published on November 15, 1895, because funds ran out.

Propagandists and Their Works

• Jose Rizal authored Noli Me Tangere El Filibusterismo
• Marcelo H. Del Pilar authored La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas, Dasalan at Tocsohan Diariong Tagalog
• Graciano Lopez Jaena authored Satirical
• Pedro Paterno authored Ninay Sampaguita
• Antonio Luna authored Impressiones

Counter Progaganda

• Pablo Feced- Filipinas: Esbozos y Pinceladas
• Fray Jose Rodriguez- Caiingat Cayo
• Father Miguel Lucio Bustamante
• Diario de Manila, El Liberal, & La Voz de Espana

La Liga Filipina

• Rizal founded La Liga Filipina in the Philippines on July 3, 1892.
• Supreme Council represents the whole archipelago.
• It is a peaceful civic association made of councils like Supreme Council, Provisional Council, and Popular Council.
• Provincial Council represents the provinces.
• Popular Council represents towns, cities, and municipalities.

Objectives of La Liga Filipina

• Unification of the whole archipelago into one body

• Mutual protection

• Defense against all forms of violence and injustices

• Encourage education, agriculture, and commerce

• Study and application of reforms

• The poor should be supported in his right against any powerful individual.

• A member who shall have suffered any loss.

• A member who needs it for commerce or agriculture.

• Shops and stores when members get preferential treatment.

• The authorities were alarmed by all this.

• Three days after founding, Rizal was arrested and deported to Dapitan.

• Governor-General Eulogio Despujol gave the order.

Failure of The Reform Movement and Rise of Radicalism

• The Propaganda Movement did not achieve any of its defined objectives.
• No changes were instituted; abuses still rose.
• Advocacy for reforms stopped primarily due to several factors.
• The Propaganda Movement was the avenue for the birth of national consciousness among natives and radicalization of masses.
• The KKK was founded through the Propaganda Movement.

Factors That Stopped The Reforms

• Inadequacy of funding meant for publication of novels, some conservative members withdrew their support.
• The conflicts and opinions among the propagandists limited the effectiveness of the reforms.
• The personal and health problems aggravated the homesickness of Filipino exiles.