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Questions and Answers
The first pro-American newspaper published during the American regime was The Philippine Herald.
The first pro-American newspaper published during the American regime was The Philippine Herald.
False (B)
El Nuevo Dia was founded by Sergio Osmeña in 1900.
El Nuevo Dia was founded by Sergio Osmeña in 1900.
True (A)
The editorial content of the early newspapers was primarily anti-American.
The editorial content of the early newspapers was primarily anti-American.
False (B)
The American regime faced little opposition from newspapers during their occupation.
The American regime faced little opposition from newspapers during their occupation.
Manuel L. Quezon helped establish The Philippine Herald.
Manuel L. Quezon helped establish The Philippine Herald.
Sakdal was a newspaper that published exclusively in English.
Sakdal was a newspaper that published exclusively in English.
The newspaper El Renacimiento wrote a critical editorial denouncing the American government's abuses in 1908.
The newspaper El Renacimiento wrote a critical editorial denouncing the American government's abuses in 1908.
Benigno Ramos was the founder of the newspaper Sakdal.
Benigno Ramos was the founder of the newspaper Sakdal.
Filipinos turned to symbolism as a way of expressing protest due to the suppressed press.
Filipinos turned to symbolism as a way of expressing protest due to the suppressed press.
The first radio stations in the Philippines were established in 1910.
The first radio stations in the Philippines were established in 1910.
In 1934, the Sakdal party managed to win national and local seats in elections.
In 1934, the Sakdal party managed to win national and local seats in elections.
Tolentino's play was well-received and did not attract much attention from authorities.
Tolentino's play was well-received and did not attract much attention from authorities.
Advertising on radio stations for products other than station owners' began in 1932.
Advertising on radio stations for products other than station owners' began in 1932.
Aurelio Tolentino received a life sentence for writing a play that was pro-American.
Aurelio Tolentino received a life sentence for writing a play that was pro-American.
The first provincial radio station, KZRC, was established in Manila in 1929.
The first provincial radio station, KZRC, was established in Manila in 1929.
World War II began in the Philippines in 1941.
World War II began in the Philippines in 1941.
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Study Notes
Development of Newspapers during American Regime
- New newspapers were established primarily by American journalists from 1898 onwards, including The Manila Times, Manila Daily Bulletin, and Philippine Free Press.
- Editorial content of these newspapers was pro-American, written in English, and influenced by religious and political bias.
- In 1920, The Philippine Herald, a pro-Filipino publication, was founded by Manuel L. Quezon, future President of the Philippine Commonwealth.
- Nationalistic newspapers faced suppression by the American government, impacting their sustainability.
Nationalistic Journalism and Suppression
- El Nuevo Dia was founded by Sergio Osmeña and others in 1900 but faced suspension and deportation threats from American authorities.
- El Renacimiento published a critical editorial titled "Ayes Rapina" in 1908, exposing governmental abuses, reflecting resistance among nationalist writers.
- The vernacular newspaper Sakdal, founded by Benigno Ramos, criticized American colonial practices and became popular for its anti-establishment stance.
- Ramos called for land distribution, the use of vernacular in schools, and complete independence from American rule.
Impact of Sakdal Movement
- The Sakdal newspaper evolved into a political movement, surprising many by winning seats in the 1934 elections.
- Following initial successes, the movement led to a premature uprising in 1935, capturing towns but ultimately failing to sustain momentum.
Alternative Forms of Protest
- Due to press suppression, Filipinos utilized symbolical expression (talinhaga) to protest through dramatization and zarzuelas.
- Nationalist playwrights, such as Juan Abad and Aurelio Tolentino, faced incarceration for their anti-American works, particularly Tolentino's Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas.
- Tolentino's activism led to severe imprisonment sentences, eventually lessened due to public pressure for his release.
Introduction of Broadcasting
- Broadcasting began in 1922 with the establishment of three radio stations by an American entrepreneur.
- By 1941, only four radio stations operated in the Philippines, mainly owned by department stores or affiliated with newspapers.
- Early radio programming focused on entertainment and advertising for the owners' merchandise, with broader advertising starting in 1932.
- KZRC, established in 1929 in Cebu, was the first provincial radio station in the country.
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