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Questions and Answers
What does the appropriation tort refer to?
What does the appropriation tort refer to?
Which of the following accurately describes the 'Revelation of Private Facts' tort?
Which of the following accurately describes the 'Revelation of Private Facts' tort?
Which statement about consent in privacy law is accurate?
Which statement about consent in privacy law is accurate?
What aspect is NOT part of the Obscenity and Censorship Law criteria?
What aspect is NOT part of the Obscenity and Censorship Law criteria?
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What is the primary priority when dealing with hostage situations?
What is the primary priority when dealing with hostage situations?
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Under copyright law, when is a work generally protected?
Under copyright law, when is a work generally protected?
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In which stage of a hostage situation do negotiation attempts begin?
In which stage of a hostage situation do negotiation attempts begin?
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What is a defining characteristic of the Accommodation Stage?
What is a defining characteristic of the Accommodation Stage?
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Which psychological phenomenon may occur between captors and victims during the Accommodation Stage?
Which psychological phenomenon may occur between captors and victims during the Accommodation Stage?
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What effect does a hostage taker aim to achieve during the Crisis Stage?
What effect does a hostage taker aim to achieve during the Crisis Stage?
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Which broadcasting corporation was owned by a crony of Marcos?
Which broadcasting corporation was owned by a crony of Marcos?
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What role did the Umalohokan serve in society?
What role did the Umalohokan serve in society?
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What was the primary goal of the Doctrina Christiana?
What was the primary goal of the Doctrina Christiana?
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Which newspaper was the first ever published in English in the Philippines?
Which newspaper was the first ever published in English in the Philippines?
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Which organization was responsible for the takeover of provincial stations for government media campaigns?
Which organization was responsible for the takeover of provincial stations for government media campaigns?
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What occurs during the resolution stage of a hostage situation?
What occurs during the resolution stage of a hostage situation?
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What is the primary focus of media censorship?
What is the primary focus of media censorship?
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What does Article III, Section IV state regarding freedom of speech, expression, and the press?
What does Article III, Section IV state regarding freedom of speech, expression, and the press?
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What is NOT a factor considered in censorship?
What is NOT a factor considered in censorship?
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Which of the following best defines a civil action?
Which of the following best defines a civil action?
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Which of the following describes a political reason for censorship?
Which of the following describes a political reason for censorship?
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What is the primary function of 'surveillance of the environment' in mass media?
What is the primary function of 'surveillance of the environment' in mass media?
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Which statement reflects the consequences of media censorship?
Which statement reflects the consequences of media censorship?
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What is generally examined during censorship processes?
What is generally examined during censorship processes?
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What type of action is a criminal action?
What type of action is a criminal action?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a function of mass media according to Harold Laswell?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a function of mass media according to Harold Laswell?
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How does the resolution stage affect the dynamics between hostages and the hostage taker?
How does the resolution stage affect the dynamics between hostages and the hostage taker?
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What is a key characteristic of media censorship?
What is a key characteristic of media censorship?
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How is jurisprudence best defined?
How is jurisprudence best defined?
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Which of the following roles added by Charles Wright is considered an additional function of mass media?
Which of the following roles added by Charles Wright is considered an additional function of mass media?
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What is meant by 'correlation of the parts of society' in the context of media functions?
What is meant by 'correlation of the parts of society' in the context of media functions?
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Study Notes
Philippine Press Freedom
- The Philippines has a strong tradition of press freedom, enshrined in the Constitution
- Article III, Section IV of the Constitution guarantees freedom of speech, expression, and press
- Media laws in the Philippines are rooted in this Constitutional provision.
Understanding the Law
- The law is a system of rules enforced by penalties
- Jurisprudence refers to the legal system and theory of law
- Jurisprudence is used to interpret mass media laws in the Philippines
Invasion of Privacy
- The Civil Code recognizes "torts" which violate a right and can result in damages
- Torts related to privacy include: appropriation, intrusion, revelation of private facts, and false light.
Obscenity and Censorship
- The law deems content obscene if it appeals to prurient interest, is patently offensive in its depiction of sexual conduct, and lacks serious literary artistic political or scientific value
- The Intellectual Property Code regulates copyright law
Libel
- Article 353 of the Revised Penal Code defines libel as a public, malicious imputation that can damage a person's reputation, or that of a deceased person.
- The elements of libel include a malicious imputation of a crime or vice made public.
Functions of Mass Media
- Harold Laswell outlines four functions of mass media
- Surveillance of the environment: News gathering
- Correlation of societal parts: Editorial selection and interpretation
- Cultural transmission: Education and Socialization
- Entertainment
- Charles Wright adds Entertainment to Laswell's list
Media Coverage
- Advises in Covering Hostage-taking Incidents (by Bob Steele)
- A hostage situation is characterized by unlawful abduction and restraint, with intent to restrict freedom
- Hostage situations are categorized as crises by law enforcement officials and behavior professionals.
Hostage Situation Stages
- Alarm Stage: The most traumatic and dangerous phase, with high levels of emotion
- Crisis Stage: Negotiation attempts are initiated, but problems such as isolation, claustrophobia and a sense of time can impede progress. The hostage taker may make inconsistent demands and petty rules that further complicate negotiations.
- Accommodation Stage: Characterized by boredom and occasional moments of terror. This is the longest stage and often the most peaceful due to a phenomenon known as Stockholm Syndrome.
- Resolution Stage: The hostage taker is stressed or fatigued by the situation, and likely to lose interest and bargaining power. Tension decreases between hostages, the hostage taker, and negotiators.
Media Censorship
- Censorship refers to the control of information and ideas circulated within society.
- Censorship occurs when content is examined, altered, or suppressed due to being considered objectionable or offensive. It is the suppression of speech or communication due to the content being deemed harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient.
Causes of Censorship
- Political reasons: when a government attempts to conceal, fake, distort, or falsify information received by citizens, suppressing or crowding out political news.
Philippine Media History
- Umalohokan: The town crier who announced news like new laws or policies.
- Doctrina Christiana: The first book printed in the Philippines, its primary objective was to spread Christianity
Key Media Outlets in Marcos Regime
- Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), owned by Marcos crony Roberto Benedicto
- National Media Production Center (NMPC)
- The Kanlaon Broadcasting System (KBS), another Benedicto-owned television station, took over provincial stations for government messaging
- Radio Philippines Network, the Voice of the Philippines, Philippines Broadcasting System, and the Daily Express.
Manila Times
- Founded on October 11, 1898 by Thomas Cowan (Englishman)
- First newspaper in the English language published in the Philippines
- Played a vital role as a chronicle of the country's evolution, serving as both a literary and political force advocating for high-quality writing and editing.
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Description
This quiz explores the critical aspects of press freedom in the Philippines, emphasizing the constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech and expression. It also delves into media laws, privacy rights, and regulations concerning obscenity and censorship. Test your understanding of these vital topics!
