Questions and Answers
What incident prompted protests for the abolition of the ROTC program?
The death of University of Santo Tomas ROTC Cadet Mark Chua.
What is the purpose of the ROTC according to the NSTP Act?
The ROTC program used to be mandatory for all college students.
True
What were the two bills filed that led to the enactment of the NSTP Act?
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Which two components are part of the NSTP alongside the ROTC?
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The ROTC training period was increased to two years.
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What is the lead agency for implementing the LTS component?
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Which agency is responsible for implementing the Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS)?
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What has led to a decline in the ROTC program's enrollment?
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Who was the native chieftain that fought against Magellan in the Battle of Mactan?
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What significant event did Aguinaldo declare on June 12, 1898?
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Which organizations were created as part of the Philippine military history?
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The Japanese forces were met with little resistance during their occupation of the Philippines.
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Match the following historical figures with their contributions to Philippine military history:
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What event signaled the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against Spain?
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The first ROTC unit in the Philippines was organized at the University of __________.
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What was the National Defense Act that was enacted on December 21, 1935?
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Study Notes
Pre-Spanish Occupation
- First organized resistance in the Philippines was the Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521, led by chieftain Lapu-lapu against Magellan.
- Lapu-lapu is known as the father of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).
Spanish Occupation
- Spaniards attempted to occupy the Philippines, with Rajah Soliman resisting efforts in Manila.
- Manila was conquered by Legaspi in 1571, becoming the capital.
- Diego Silang led notable uprisings showcasing Filipino military tactics.
- Filipino forces supported Spanish troops during the 1603 Chinese revolt.
Rise of Nationalism
- General Jose Prim's overthrow of Queen Isabela II in 1868 featured liberal democratic principles.
- Influential propagandists like Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio fostered nationalism.
- Bonifacio founded the Katipunan in 1892, initiating the Philippine Revolution in 1896 with the Cry of Pugad Lawin.
- Tejeros Convention on March 22, 1897, resulted in Aguinaldo's presidency and formal organization of the Philippine Army.
American Influence
- Spanish-American War began April 23, 1898; Aguinaldo declared war against Spain, leading to the Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898.
- Filipino response to American occupation was largely negative due to restrictions and harsh treatment.
- Treaty of Paris (1898) transferred the Philippines to U.S. control; significant battles highlighted Filipino resistance.
Japanese Occupation
- Japanese forces invaded on December 10, 1941, leading to the fall of Bataan on April 9 and Corregidor on May 6, 1942.
- Post-defeat, guerilla resistance continued, aiding U.S. liberation efforts led by General Douglas McArthur.
International Peacekeeping Operations
- AFP participated in UN peacekeeping missions: PEFTOK in Korea, Air Force in Congo, PHILCAG in Vietnam, and missions in East Timor, Iraq, and Liberia.
Evolution and Role of the ROTC
- Commonwealth Act Number 1 established ROTC, emphasizing a need for a citizen reserve force.
- ROTC originated during the Spanish colonial period to address military training.
- UP initiated genuine ROTC training in 1912, training able-bodied male students.
- Department of Military Science and Tactics organized in UP on March 17, 1922; formal military instruction began.
Key Legislative Developments
- National Defense Act (1935) mandated ROTC in colleges, establishing standardized training programs.
- Early ROTC units included UP’s field artillery and infantry, promoting a trained reserve officer pool.
- President Quezon's Executive Order No. 207 made ROTC mandatory in colleges with at least 100 students.
Challenges and Reforms
- ROTC faced scrutiny leading to public protests, particularly after cadet hazing incidents.
- Enactment of Republic Act 9163 in 2001 reformed ROTC into a component of the National Service Training Program (NSTP).
- ROTC training was shortened to one year, allowing students to choose from three NSTP components, including mandatory training for female students.### NSTP Components
- NSTP consists of three components: ROTC, Literacy Training Service (LTS), and Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS).
- ROTC focuses on military training for students, preparing them for national defense, led by the Department of National Defense (DND).
- LTS trains students to teach various underprivileged groups, implemented by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED).
- CWTS involves students in activities that promote general welfare, implemented by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA).
- Students can choose any component to fulfill their requirements for baccalaureate or vocational courses.
ROTC History and Issues
- Previously, ROTC was a mandatory two-year program for male college students and a graduation requirement.
- Enrollment in ROTC has significantly declined due to graft, corruption, and a lack of competent instructors.
- High student-instructor ratios further contributed to the negative perception of the program.
- The dropout rate among students in ROTC is high, with many opting for the other NSTP components, weakening the reserve force pool.
- The reduced reserve force affects national preparedness for war and emergencies, as well as relief and rescue operations.
Advocacy for ROTC Enhancement
- There's a movement by citizens, school administrators, and legislators to make ROTC compulsory in state colleges and universities.
- The Armed Forces of the Philippines supports these efforts due to concerns over declining youth appreciation for patriotism and citizenship values.
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Description
Explore the rich history of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), from pre-Spanish times to modern developments. This quiz highlights significant events like the Battle of Mactan, showcasing the valor and patriotism of Philippine leaders. Test your knowledge of the AFP's historical milestones and cultural significance.
