Philippine Literature Quiz

• Philippine literature during the Pre-Colonial Period ( - 1565) was mainly oral, funny, and entertaining.
• Early Filipinos used clay, tree barks, leaves, and bamboo tubes for writing, employing knives and pointed tools for pens, along with tree sap as ink.
• Alibata (baybayin) consisted of 17 symbols: 3 vowels and 14 consonants.

Literary Genres: Folk Narratives

• Myth: Traditional stories about heroes or supernatural entities, explaining the origins of natural phenomena, as illustrated by the Visayan Creation Myth.
• Legend: Narratives focusing on the origin of places or things, blending imaginary events with Filipino customs, such as The Legend of Mayon Volcano.
• Fables: Short, allegorical stories with animals as characters that teach a moral lesson, like The Monkey and the Crocodile.
• Folktales: Stories about life, adventure, and love that impart lessons, helping to appreciate the environment, such as Misadventures of Juan Tamad.

Early Poetry

• Riddles (Bugtong o Palaisipan): Poems with rhyme and meter, often four to twelve syllables, illustrated by "Bungbong kung liwanag, Kung gabi ay dagat. (Mat(banig))."
• Proverbs: Concise statements of life wisdom from experience, such as "Nahangad ng kagitna, Isang salop ang nawala."
• Chants (Bulong): Incantations used in witchcraft, for example, "Ikaw ang nagnanakaw ng bigas ko, Lumuwa sana ang mga mata mo."
• Sayings (Kasabihan): Often used in teasing or commenting, like "Putak, putak, Batang duwag."
• Sawikain: Sayings with plain meanings, for instance, "Nasa Diyos ang awa, Nasa tao ang gawa."
• Folk Songs: Ancient cultural reflections; examples include Kundiman (love song) and Kumintang (war song).
• Epics: Long poems narrating heroic achievements, such as Biag ni Lam-ang by Pedro Bukaneg.

Spanish Period (1565-1898)

• Dominicans introduced printing in the Philippines in 1593.
• Alibata was replaced by the Roman alphabet.
• The Spanish language influenced the literary language and vocabulary.
• Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices.
• Ancient literature was translated, and periodicals took on a religious tone.
• European legends blended into local songs like corridos.

Religious Period: The First Books

• Ang Doctrina Christiana: The first book printed in the Philippines in 1593, written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva.
• Nuestra Senora de Rosario: The 2nd book printed, written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602. Libro de los Cuatro Postoprimera Hombre: The first book printed in typography.
• Ang Barlaan at Josephat: A biblical story translated into Tagalog by Fr. Antonio de Borja.
• The Pasion: A book about the life of Jesus Christ with versions by Mariano Pilapil, Gaspar Aquino de Belen, Anacleto de la Merced and Luis de Guia.
• Urbana at Feliza: Book by Modesto de Castro with letters between 2 sisters.
• Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria: Collection of Marian songs by Fr. Mariano Sevilla.

Literary Genres: Poetry

• The Pasyon: "Ang Mahal Na Pasion Ni Jesu Christong P. Natin Na Tola" written by Gaspar Aquino de Belen in 1704.
• Metrical Romances:
  • Awit: Dodecasyllabic verse, fabricated European-style stories, example: Florante At Laura by Francisco Baltazar.
  • Corrido: Octosyllabic verse based on European tales, example: Ibong Adarna.
• Ladino Poems: Writings by natives literate in Spanish and Tagalog, including Fernando Bagongbanta and Tomas Pinpin.
• Folk Songs: Leron-Leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi, Atin Cu Pung Singsing.

Prose

• Included didactic pieces, translations, and linguistic works, like Barlaan at Josaphat.

Religious & Recreational Plays

• Panunuluyan: Local version of Mexican posadas, held on Christmas Eve.
• Cenaculo: Dramatization of Jesus Christ's Passion.
  • Cantada
  • Hablada
• Salubong/Panubong: Easter play of Christ's meeting with His Mother.
• Tibag: Depicts St. Helena's search for the True Cross.
• Carillo: Shadow play during town fiestas.
• Zarzuela/Sarswela: Considered the father of the drama.
• Sainete: Musical comedy depicting everyday life, like La India Elegante y el Negrito Amante by Francisco Baltazar.
• The Moriones: Story of Longinus.
• The Moro-moro: Comedia about Christians defeating Muslims and converting them.
• Karagatan: Poetic ceremony during a death.
• Duplo: Replaced Karagatan, a poetic joust.
• Balagtasan: Poetic debate.
• Dung-aw: Chant by bereaved beside the dead.

Rebellious Period

• Propaganda Movement:
  • Objectives: Equal treatment, Philippine colony of Spain, Filipino representation in Spanish Cortes, Filipinization of parishes, freedom of speech.
• Propagandists:
  • Dr. Jose P. Rizal: Used pen names Laong Laan and Dimasalang; wrote Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo.
  • Marcelo H. Del Pilar: Used pseudonyms Plaridel and Piping Dilat; established Diariong Tagalog in 1882.
  • Graciano Lopez Jaena: Founded La Solidaridad in Barcelona.
  • Mariano Ponce: Pen names were Kalipulako, Tikbalang, and Naning.
  • Pedro Paterno: Wrote "Ninay".

Period of Active Revolution

• Andres Bonifacio: Father of Filipino Democracy and the Katipunan, wrote "Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog."
• Emilio Jacinto: Brain of Katipunan and Kalayaan's editor, penned "Kartilya ng Katipunan."
• Apolinario Mabini: Sublime Paralytic and Brain of the Revolution, known for "El Verdadero Decalogo."
• Jose Palma: Wrote the lyrics of the national anthem.

American Colonial Period (1898-1941)

• The Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish occupation in 1898.
• English became the archipelago's official language.
• American teachers also referred to as Thomasites arrived in 1901.
• Filipinos engaged in all forms of literature, including news, poetry, and novels.

Literature in Spanish

• Fernando Ma Guerrero (Fulvis Gil): Wrote "Crisalidas."
• Cecilio Apostol: Wrote poems for heroes, especially Rizal.
• Jesus Balmori (Batikuling): Stories on fallen women and corruption.
• Claro M. Recto: Wrote verses in "Bajo los Cocoteros."

Filipino/Tagalog Poets

• Poets of the Heart (Makata ng Puso):
  • Lope K. Santos: Father of National Language Grammar, wrote Banaag at SIkat.
  • Jose Corazon de Jesus: Known as "Huseng Batute" and labeled as the Poet of Love.

Other Forms of Literature

• Severino Reyes: Father of Tagalog drama, penned "Walang Sugat."
• Aurelio Tolentino: Kapampangan playwright; known for "Luhang Tagalog."
• Eriberto Gumban: Father of Visayan Literature.

Literature in English

• Period of Re-orientation (1898-1910):
  • Justo Juliano wrote "Sursum Corda."
• Period of Imitation (1910-1925):
  • Paz Marquez Benitez wrote "Dead Stars."
• Period of Self-Discovery (1925-1941):
  • Focus on essays by writers acquired of the English language such as Carlos P. Romulo

Bodabil and Movies

• Bodabil (Vaudeville): A variety show that combines of songs, dances, and skits.
• Filipino films were made which are actually film versiosn of the stage play
• Famous Works:
  • Walang Sugat (1902) by Severina Reyes -Nena at Neneng (1903) by Valeriano Hernandez Pena

Japanese Period (1941-1945)

• Considered Golden Age of Filipino Literature because writing in English was discouraged which resulted ban on American films.
• Types of Philippines poetry during the period consisted of Haiku, Tanaga, Karaniwang Anyo

Martial Law Period/Period of the New Society (1972-1980)

• Martial Law declared September 21, 1972 by Marcos.
• Slogans were: "Sa Ikauunlad ng bayan, Disiplina ang kailangan"
• Freddie Aguilar - Anak

Radio and Television

• Radio (Si Matar, Dahlia)
• Televison (Gulong ng Palad, Flor de Luna)
• Filipino Films (Maynila, Minsa'y Isang Gamu-gamo)

Post- Martial Law Period

• Edsa Revolution - Feb 21-25, 1986
• Bayan Ko - song written by Jose Corazon de Jesus in 1928

Test your knowledge of Philippine literature, including epic poems, Spanish influences, dramatic forms, and key figures. This quiz covers a range of topics from the Bukidnon people to religious plays and the introduction of printing.