Philippine Literature 19th-20th Century

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary theme of Jaena's writing 'Ang Fray Botod'?

The adventures of a Spanish colonizer

The greed and immorality of some friars (correct)

The beauty of Filipino culture

The struggles of a Filipino woman

What significant change did the American regime bring to Philippine literature?

The introduction of Spanish as the primary language

The use of English as a medium of instruction (correct)

The rise of socialist themes in writing

The dominance of dialects over national languages

Which play depicted the suppression of Filipinos by Americans during colonization?

Malaya

Walang Sugat

Tanikalang Ginto

Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas (correct)

What was the purpose of Jaena's speech 'Sa Mga Pilipino'?

To advocate for Filipino independence and progress Signup and view all the answers

What were the predominant languages in literature at the beginning of the American period?

Spanish and Tagalog Signup and view all the answers

Which newspaper was threatened with censorship due to its nationalistic content?

El Nuevo Dia Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the themes expressed in Jaena's work 'La Hija del Fraile'?

The tragedy of marrying a Spaniard Signup and view all the answers

What concept did writers in Tagalog focus on during the early American period?

Lamenting the country's conditions and promoting love for the native tongue Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the execution of priests Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora in the Philippines?

It marked the beginning of Filipino nationalist sentiment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a work written by Jose Rizal?

PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Propaganda Movement in the Philippines?

To expose injustices and advocate for reforms. Signup and view all the answers

Which work by Rizal highlighted his criticism of perceived Filipino indolence?

SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS Signup and view all the answers

What type of literature did 'Ang Barlaan at Josaphat' represent?

A religious story. Signup and view all the answers

What was a common theme in the writings of Marcelo del Pilar?

Humor and sarcasm against clergy. Signup and view all the answers

How did the 19th-century ilustrados contribute to Filipino society?

By promoting national consciousness and reforms. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Propaganda Movement primarily seek to address regarding colonial rule?

The lack of representation and abuses by the Spanish authorities. Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary theme in Filipino poetry during the Japanese Occupation?

Nationalism Signup and view all the answers

Which form of poetry is characterized by 17 syllables divided into three lines?

Haiku Signup and view all the answers

During the Japanese Occupation, which literary genre experienced significant expansion?

Short story Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Japanese Occupation have on Philippine literature in English?

It encountered prohibitions and experienced a dark period. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Tanaga?

A poem with rhyme and seven syllables per line Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did the Japanese colonizers try to implement in Philippine literature?

Promoting vernacular languages Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following authors was NOT mentioned during the Japanese Period?

José Rizal Signup and view all the answers

What were the themes of literature in Tagalog during the Japanese Period?

Japanese brutalities and guerrilla exploits Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Philippine Literature (19th Century - 20th Century)

The Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898): This period saw the rise of Filipino intellectuals known as ilustrados who were educated in Europe and began to write about the struggles of colonization. This period was marked by the 300 years of Spanish colonization in the Philippines.
The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896): The Propaganda Movement was spearheaded by the intellectual middle class, including figures like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno.
- Jose Rizal
  - Noli Me Tangere: This novel inspired the propaganda movement and spurred the revolution against Spain.
  - El Filibusterismo: This is a sequel to Noli Me Tangere that exposed corruption in the government and the church.
  - Mi Ultimo Adios: This is a poem written by Rizal while incarcerated at Fort Santiago.
  - Sobre La Indolencia de Los Filipinos (On the Indolence of the Filipinos): This essay addresses the alleged indolence of Filipinos and analyzes its underlying causes.
  - Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años: This essay predicts the growing US influence in the Philippines and the diminishing European interest.
- Marcelo del Pilar:
  - Pagibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love of Country): This work is a Tagalog translation of Rizal's "Amor Patria".
  - Kaiingat Kayo (Be Careful): This humorous and sarcastic piece is a reply to Fr. Jose Rodriguez, who was mentioned in Rizal's novel Noli Me Tangere.
  - Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and Jokes): A sarcastic critique of parish priests presented in a catechism format.
- Graciano Lopez Jaena:
  - Ang Fray Botod (Friar Botod): This work, written in 1876, criticizes the greed, ambition, and immorality of friars in the Philippines.
  - La Hija Del Fraile (The Child of the Friar) and Everything is Hambog (Everything is mere show): These works explore the consequences of marrying a Spaniard.
  - Sa Mga Pilipino...1891: A speech aimed at motivating Filipinos to fight for freedom.
  - Talumpating Pagunita Kay Kolumbus (An Oration to Commemorate Columbus): A speech delivered in Madrid marking the 39th anniversary of the discovery of America.

The American Regime (1898-1944)

New Colonizers: The American colonization brought about significant changes in Philippine literature. The Americans strongly encouraged Filipinos to write using the English language. English became the medium of instruction in schools.
The Emergence of New Newspapers:
- El Nuevo Dia (The New Day): Established by Sergio Osmeña in 1900, this newspaper was twice banned by American censors due to its nationalistic content.
- Grito del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation): Founded by Pascual Poblete in 1900.
- El Renacimiento (The Rebirth): Founded by Rafael Palma in 1901.

Plays written during the American Period

KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow) : Written by Aurelio Tolentino, this play depicts American oppression of Filipinos and their plans to colonize the Philippines.
TANIKALANG GINTO: Written by Juan Abad.
MALAYA: Written by Tomas Remigio.
WALANG SUGAT: Written by Severino Reyes.

The Japanese Period (1941-1945)

The Interruption of English Literature: The Japanese occupation significantly impacted Philippine Literature. Most English newspapers, except for the Tribune and the Philippine Review, were shut down.
Emergence of Vernacular Literature: The Japanese promoted the use of vernacular languages in literature. Vernacular literature is written in the language of the common people.
Filipino Poetry During This Period:
- Haiku: A form of free verse poetry popularized by the Japanese with 17 syllables divided into three lines.
- Tanaga: Similar to Haiku in length but uses traditional Filipino metrics and rhyme.
- Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form): A traditional Filipino poetry form.
Filipino Short Story During the Japanese Period: There was a surge in short story writing during the Japanese occupation, notably by Brigido Batungbakal, Macario Pineda, Serafin Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo, Narciso Ramos, NVM Gonzales, Alicia Lopez Lim, Ligaya Perez, and Gloria Guzman.
Post-War Vernacular Novels: Vernacular novels emerged in the post-war period reflecting social and political realities of the time.

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Description

Explore the evolution of Philippine literature during the 19th and 20th centuries, focusing on the Enlightenment period and the Propaganda Movement. Highlighted are key figures like Jose Rizal and their influential works, including 'Noli Me Tangere' and 'El Filibusterismo'. Discover how these literary contributions spurred a revolution against Spanish colonial rule.