Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the term Austronesian people referring to?
What is the term Austronesian people referring to?
Where were the Callao Man fossilized remains discovered?
Where were the Callao Man fossilized remains discovered?
Callao Cave, Peñablanca Cagayan
The Tabon Man was discovered in ______ caves.
The Tabon Man was discovered in ______ caves.
Tabon
Which indigenous group from Mindanao is known as the 'People of the Lake'?
Which indigenous group from Mindanao is known as the 'People of the Lake'?
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What is the architectural style of the house of ISNEG (BINURON)?
What is the architectural style of the house of ISNEG (BINURON)?
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The sea nomads, including Tausug, Yakan, Samal, and Badjao, are collectively known as ____________.
The sea nomads, including Tausug, Yakan, Samal, and Badjao, are collectively known as ____________.
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Islam in the Philippines dates back to the 8th to 9th century and had significant trade relations with Arabs and Muslims.
Islam in the Philippines dates back to the 8th to 9th century and had significant trade relations with Arabs and Muslims.
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Who invited Daniel Hudson Burnham to the Philippines?
Who invited Daniel Hudson Burnham to the Philippines?
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What movement did Daniel Burnham promote?
What movement did Daniel Burnham promote?
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What did Burnham refer to Manila as possessing with regards to other famous places? Manila possessed the bay of naples, the winding river of paris, and the canals of venice.
What did Burnham refer to Manila as possessing with regards to other famous places? Manila possessed the bay of naples, the winding river of paris, and the canals of venice.
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Who led the first Spanish Expedition to the Philippines?
Who led the first Spanish Expedition to the Philippines?
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Who inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia during the 16th century?
Who inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia during the 16th century?
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The fall of Constantinople to the Muslim Turks happened in 1453.
The fall of Constantinople to the Muslim Turks happened in 1453.
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Magellan sailed from San Lucar, Spain with 5 ships and __ men on September 20, 1519.
Magellan sailed from San Lucar, Spain with 5 ships and __ men on September 20, 1519.
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Match the structure classifications with their types:
Match the structure classifications with their types:
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What is the term used to describe the combination of wood and stones in architecture?
What is the term used to describe the combination of wood and stones in architecture?
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Which of the following are parts of a Tausug House? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are parts of a Tausug House? (Select all that apply)
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The La Leyes de Indias was a compilation of decrees from King Carlos V.
The La Leyes de Indias was a compilation of decrees from King Carlos V.
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In Manila, INTRAMUROS was built in the year ___.
In Manila, INTRAMUROS was built in the year ___.
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Gen Gomez Perez built stone walls enclosing ____.
Gen Gomez Perez built stone walls enclosing ____.
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Fort San Felipe, built in 1609, became the port of call for ___ galleons.
Fort San Felipe, built in 1609, became the port of call for ___ galleons.
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Domestic architecture in the Philippines went through various stages of adaptation and development.
Domestic architecture in the Philippines went through various stages of adaptation and development.
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Who appointed Arcadio Arellano as consulting architect in 1901?
Who appointed Arcadio Arellano as consulting architect in 1901?
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Who was the first Filipino to receive the academic title of Architect during the American regime?
Who was the first Filipino to receive the academic title of Architect during the American regime?
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Antonio Toledo was a product of Ohio State University and Columbia University.
Antonio Toledo was a product of Ohio State University and Columbia University.
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Tomas Mapua founded the __________ Institute of Technology.
Tomas Mapua founded the __________ Institute of Technology.
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What architectural style were the Post Office Building and Metropolitan Theatre designed in by Juan Arellano?
What architectural style were the Post Office Building and Metropolitan Theatre designed in by Juan Arellano?
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Match the architect with their notable works:
Match the architect with their notable works:
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What is the primary characteristic of Rahaung?
What is the primary characteristic of Rahaung?
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When considering Chivuvuhung, what best describes its features?
When considering Chivuvuhung, what best describes its features?
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Mayhurahed has a low base made of mud and stone but still maintains the frame and shape of ________.
Mayhurahed has a low base made of mud and stone but still maintains the frame and shape of ________.
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Sinadumparan is a type of house with four sloping roofs.
Sinadumparan is a type of house with four sloping roofs.
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Match the components of Bahay na Bato with their descriptions:
Match the components of Bahay na Bato with their descriptions:
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What is the name of the triangular fort erected near the coast of the city by Legaspi & his men in 1565?
What is the name of the triangular fort erected near the coast of the city by Legaspi & his men in 1565?
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Which Filipino architect was known as the Maestro de Obras?
Which Filipino architect was known as the Maestro de Obras?
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Who was the 1st recipient of the scholarship for Architecture in Drexel Institute of Philadelphia?
Who was the 1st recipient of the scholarship for Architecture in Drexel Institute of Philadelphia?
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Match the following architects with their notable achievements:
Match the following architects with their notable achievements:
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Who is known for the architectural design characterized by large windows, horizontal movement of balconies, and exposed columns?
Who is known for the architectural design characterized by large windows, horizontal movement of balconies, and exposed columns?
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Which building is described as having massive walls with strip windows forming a backdrop for a towering semicylindrical window set behind slender columns?
Which building is described as having massive walls with strip windows forming a backdrop for a towering semicylindrical window set behind slender columns?
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Juan Nakpil went to Paris for further training after his studies in the United States.
Juan Nakpil went to Paris for further training after his studies in the United States.
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The UP Carillon is a 130 ft structure, the first of its kind in Southeast Asia, that is played using a wooden __________.
The UP Carillon is a 130 ft structure, the first of its kind in Southeast Asia, that is played using a wooden __________.
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Match the architect with their notable works:
Match the architect with their notable works:
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Study Notes
Austronesian Ancestry
- Austronesian people refer to a population group in Southeast Asia and Oceania who speak Austronesian languages or had ancestors who spoke them.
Pleistocene People
- Earliest dwellers in the Philippines
- Lived during the Ice Age
- Theory of Land/Tulay na Lupa
Building Characteristics
- Tropical
- Open
- Light (moveable, earthquake-proof)
- Stilted
- Thatched, pitched roof
Prehistoric Building Types
- Caves
- Lean-to-shelters
- Arboreal shelters
Callao Cave
- Fossilized remains of Callao Man discovered in 2007
- Remains are about 67,000 years old
Tabon Cave
- Dubbed as the "Cradle of Civilization" in the Philippines
- Tabon Man was discovered in the cave
- Manunggul jar is a secondary burial jar from a Neolithic burial site
- The Tabon Man was discovered in the caves, one of the oldest human remnants found in the Philippines
Tau Batu Cave
- Shelter for more than one family
- Fear of thunder led people to retreat in caves due to folklore
- Datag (basic sleeping platform) made from tree branches and dried leaves
Angono Petroglyphs
- Oldest known work of art in the Philippines
- 127 human and animal figures engraved on the rock wall dating back to 3000 BC
- Stylized human figures, frogs, and lizards
Lean-to-Shelter
- Fundamental act of building practiced by nomads
- Windbreak, sun-sun, and rain screen anchored by a pole
Arboreal Shelters
- Architectural institution fashioned by nature
Tree House
- 20, 30 to 60 feet above ground for protection against animals and human enemies
Pre-Colonial Architecture in Northern Luzon
Balai/Bahay
- Southeast Asian type of domestic architecture
- Characteristics:
- Elevated living floor
- Rectangular volume
- Raised pile foundation
- Voluminous thatched roof
Vernacular Structural Elements
- Buildings with pile or stilt foundation are pervasive features in the mainland
- Foundation:
- Wooden post framework
- Superseded pile/Stilts or Rollers
- Voluminous Thatch Roof:
- Most distinct feature of Austronesian vernacular architectural form
- Extended line of roof, often with outward sloping gables forming elegant saddleback curves
- Construction Techniques:
- Assembled without nails
- Post and lintel method
- Walls and floors do not constitute main load-bearing elements
- Draming system consists of vertical studs slotted into horizontal sills
Regional Houses
- Batanes
- Cordillera
- Luzon & Visayas (central, southern)
- Mindanao
- Upland and Lowland houses have acquired distinct architectural features due to environmental conditions and site contexts
Ivatan Architecture
Ivatan House
- Rows on steep mountain terrain
- Fireplace at one end
- Dominican Friars introduced the Cal y Canto technique
- One windowless wall facing strong winds
- Village located on slopes/peak hills
- Huts were low partly because high structures would easily topple by strong winds
- Classified according to roof configuration
- Maytuab (hip roof) and Sinadumparan (gable roof)
Materials
- Cogon Grass - main roofing material
- Limestones - main walls
- Fango - mortar of mixed mud and cogon
- Panpet - roof net made of ropes and pegs
Idjang
- Defensive engineering of the Early Ivatan Settlers
Jinjin (Thatched House)
- Aboriginal Ivatan; thatch house; timber-framed, used reeds and cogon for walls and roof
Kamadid
- A type of Ivatan house that encloses the lower portion of wood, while the upper portion is built of thick cogon grass
Rahaung
- Working area and storage for fishing equipment
- No wall enclosure
- Exposed post supports the roof
- Thick gable cogon with or without cable wall
Aboriginal Ivatan
- Lived in wood, ba boo, and thatched
Cordillera
Cordillera People
- Northern Strains
- Southern Strains
- Igorot (Mountain chains dwellers)
Cordillera Building Examples
- House as a womb; space concept
- Basket-like
- Stretch leg like ladder
- Comparison to the tudong or rain cape for women
- House only for the husband and wife, and perhaps children
- Symbol of fertility
Isneg (Binuron)
- Boat-like appearance
- Located in Apayao Province
- Rectangular plan, high gable roof, roof framing independent from floor and framework
- Largest house in Cordillera region
- TARAKIP - binuron extension/annex
- Roof made with split bamboo, laid alternately face down and up
Kalinga
- Binayon
- Octagonal plan
- Three divided floorings, lowest in the center
- Foruy
- Square plan
Bontoc
- Illi or village has 3 basic residential structures
- AFUNG - council house
- ATO - dormitory for males
- ULOG - dormitory for females
- OLONG - public structure where young women of marriageable age go to sleep at night
- KAT-YU’FONG - for the poor
- ANGAN - sleeping area
- CHOKSU - utility bench
- SOKLIT - kitchen
- TAP-AN - pounding area
- LI-IM - working/eating area
- FAY-U - for the rich
- KAL-LOB - residence for widows or unmarried women
- AKHAMANG - rice granaries
- AL-LANG - repository of food and other supplies
- ABONG - for the poor
- HAGABI - bench for upper-class people
- KANYAW - pig and carabao skull
- PABAFUNAN/DAP-AY - open court where people gather to perform rituals
Rice Terraces
- INALAHAN - public forest
- HINAOB - forest adopted by terrace communities
- UMA/KAINGIN - swidden farm
- PAYO - stonewalled terrace pond-field
- LATANGAN - residential area
- MAGULON - grassland
- BABLE - villages
- BALE/FALE - houses
- ALANG - granary
- MUYONG - ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces
Ifugao
- Built on the rice terraces near a spring or grove
- Entry faces down slope down
- 2-year construction, dismantled in a day
- Bului carved granary guardians
Architecture in Mindanao and Muslim Space
Islam in the Philippines
- Embracing Islam
- Islam in the Philippines
- Business partnership and marriage, one of the basic reasons
- Muslim teachings and free education
- 8-9th century trades with Arabs and Muslims
- Merchant asylum in Asia, principally in Malaysia (South east Asia)
Muslim in the Philippines
- Tuan Masha’ika and Karim ui Mhakdum
- Practice blended with folk traditions and religion, attracted to beautiful rituals, stories, and art, brotherhood
- Islam limited to high-class people or Tarasilas
- Arrived in Lake Lanao, marriage alliances, Muslim, and it became Sultanate
- 1450 BC: 3 Sultanate founded
- Sulu with Sultan Abu Bakr (1450) as its first Sultan
- Kabungsuwan (1515) and Lanao, Sultan Sharif Alawi
Indigenous People in Sulu Archipelago
- Yakan of Basilan
- Tausug of Sulu
- Samal & Badjao of Tawi-tawi
- Maranao of Lanao
- Iranoi & Maguindanao of Cotabato
- Jama Mapun near Sabah
Forts and Royal Residence
- Early Filipinos constructed forts or KOTA, a fortified settlement bordered by palisade
- Austronesian House in Mindanao and Sulu
- The sea nomads
- Tausug
- Yakan
- Samal
- Badjao
Maranao
- People of the lake
- The largest indigenous group in Mindanao
- Divided into four settlements
- Pagampong / Pagawidan (principalities of Maranaos)
Lawig
- Small house
- Stilted with lean-to-roofing
- Usually single family unit dwelling
Mala-a-Walai
- Large house of well-to-do families without panolong
- Okir decoration on baseboards, doors, jambs, and windowsills
- Bamboo fenced porch marks facade
Torogan
- House for Sultans & Datus
- Arranged in a line along the river
- Multi-family dwelling
- Structure:
- Post numbering to 12 load-bearing and 3 non-bearing
- To assess the strength and resilience, it is tradition to have two Carabao fights inside### Muslim Filipino Groups
- Tausug: means "people of the current" or "taong dagat" or "alon", second largest group of Muslim Filipinos and foremost indigenous people in Sulu Archipelago
- Yakans: live in the mountainous interior of Basilan island, houses individually owned and occupied by one family, characterized by LUMAH – rectangular, rigged roof, single room, pile structure, no ceiling, and few or no windows
- Samal: more dominant in Borneo, but also found in Jolo Island and Basilan, parts of Samal house include BUBUNG (roof), PANG-TUUD (king post), HABONG (tie beam), HANGLAD (girder), TUKALOG (stud), TAYTAYAN-TIKUS (roof beam), SALSAL (joist), and PANTAN (terrace oriented to East)
- Badjao: sea gypsies found in Zamboanga, Basilan, Jolo, Tawi-tawi, and Palawan, also known as Sama Dilaut (people of the ocean) or Samal Luwaan (outcasts), houses used as shelter and transportation, including DAPANG/VINTA (used for short fishing trips), PALAW (permanent dwelling or temporary lodging), and LUMA (permanent dwelling, floating shanty, and sand-stilted)
Muslim Architecture
- Masjid: a Muslim building for worship, where the congregation of the faithful becomes one with God
- Langal: rangal, synonymous to chapels, "to meet"
- Mimbar: tower
- Tabo or Jabu-jabu: summoning instrument
- Sunduk: carved markers used to identify graves
- Burak and Okir: ornaments
- Mosques in the Philippines include SHEIK KARIMAL MAKDUM MOSQUE, MASJID AL-DAHAB, BLUE MOSQUE, and KING FAISAL MOSQUE
Spanish Colonization
- 1480-1521: Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan led the first Spanish expedition to the Philippines
- 1492: Columbus landed in the Bahamas, which he believed to be the Asiatic Archipelago
- 1493: Pope Alexander VI divided the globe, with the Eastern hemisphere belonging to Portugal and the Western hemisphere to Spain
- 1516-1556: Charles I ruled Spain and inherited the Netherlands, Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia
- 1520: Charles I became the Holy Roman Emperor, succeeding Emperor Maximillian I
- 1521: Magellan sailed from San Lucar, Spain with 5 ships and 237 men
- March 17, 1521: Crossed the Pacific Ocean
- April 1, 1521: Reached Cebu
- Antonio Pigafetta: Venetian chronicler, gave detailed account of the baptism of the first Cebuanos
- Queen Juana: first Cebuana, Humabon's wife, who was baptized
- September 6, 1522: Only the Vittoria ship made it back to Spain
- 1565-1898: Philippines was a colony of Spain
Spanish Architecture
- Iglesia/Simbahan: church
- Campanario: bell tower
- Convento: residence of parish priest
- Escuela: school
- Fuerza or Fortaleza: fortifications
- Civic Buildings: Casa Real, Tribunal, Farola (lighthouse)
- Bahay na Bato: stone house
- Puente: stone bridges
- Mateo del Sanz: military engineer, built Fort San Pedro
- Fort San Pedro: constructed in 1565, first among many fortifications erected by the Spaniards
- Fort Nuestra Señora de Guía: 1571, built by Fr. Antonio Sedeno
- Panay: Juan de Salcedo and Urdaneta led an expedition to the North, reached Manila Bay, and reported to Legazpi about the "rich Muslim kingdom"
- May 8, 1570: Flotilla sailed from Panay to Manila
- May 24, 1570: Muslims were defeated
- 1571: Legazpi traced the border of land bounded by the Pasig River and called it the New Spanish City
- 1580s: Domingo Salazar became the first Bishop of Manila
- 1587: Gov. Gen. Santiago de Vera ordered all buildings in Manila to be built in stone
- Arquitectura Mestiza: mixed architecture, combining Spanish and Filipino styles
- Maestro de Obras: master builders, native Filipinos who had practical experience and learned additional skills from friars and engineers
- Pedro Jusepe: one of the first master builders of Intramuros (1591)
- Felix Roxas Sr.: first Filipino professional architect who studied abroad
Building Materials and Elements
- Molave: used for house posts, impermeable to termites, and hardened as it aged
- Narra: used for floorboards, has a deep red color, and is polished to a beautiful sheen
- Bricks: made from clay, molded in wooden forms, and used for building structures
- Argamasa: mortar, made from powder lime and water
- Paletada: provides ornamentation for facades and entrances
- Window panels: made from translucent capiz clam shells
- Regional building materials: Manila and Central Luzon used adobe, Northern Luzon used bricks, Luzon coastal towns used hewn blocks of coral stones, and Bicol Peninsula used volcanic stone
Laws and Urban Planning
- Laws of the Indies: compilation of decrees of Rey Fernandi I de Aragon and Carlos V, Empirador de Pax Romano
- Bajos de la Campanas: controlled natives' everyday life by allowing clergy to wake up villagers, summon them to mass, and subject them to religious cathechism
- Reduccion u Encomienda: forced urbanization
- Encomienda: land as private property, communal and individual lands were confiscated and given to the Spanish colonist who distributed to the members of Principalia (Datus/Rajah/Lakan, their families)
- Cuadriculla: streets laid out in uniform precision, grid pattern (Greco-Roman city concept)### Augustinians and Roman Catholic Church
- 1565: Iglesia-Monasterio de San Agustin y San Pablo de Ermita, the oldest stone church in the Philippines, was built
- 1578: Royal grant was given to missionaries/Religious Order of Friar Minor; Franciscans
- 1581: Society of Jesus (SJ); Jesuits were established
- 1587: Order of Preachers (OP); Dominicans were established
- 1606: Order of Augustinian Recollects (OSA-R/OAR); Recoletos were established
Regional Materials
- Adobe and Volcanic Tuff were used in Central Luzon
- Coralline and Limestone were used in Vis and Min
- Sandstone was used in some parts of Panay Island
- Bricks were used in Northern Luzon
Levels of Roman Catholic Church
- Basilica: the highest level
- Cathedral: the principal church of a diocese
- Parish: a group of Christ's faithful entrusted to a parish priest
- Chapels: small churches or places of worship
- Monastic/Religious Congressional: includes Monastery, Abbey, Priory, Friary, Nunnery, etc.
Ethnic Houses
Bahay Kubo
- Pile construction with push-out or sliding windows
- Components:
- Balkon/Beranda: front porch
- Bulwagan: square, multipurpose, main room of the house
- Silid: changing area for women; storage for sleeping items and personal belongings
- Kusina: usually with a separate roof
- Batalan: open-air, back porch, bathrooms, and laundry area
- Bangahan/Banggera: storage for pots
- Silong: storage for farm and fishing tools, pestles, pigs, and cattle
- Kamalig: separate storage house for unhulled rice (palay)
Binuron House
- Rests on 15 posts
- Floor is 1.2m above ground
- Walls are 1.5m high from floor to eaves
- Gable roof
- About 6.5m high from NGL to roof apex
Tausug House
- Rests on 15 posts
- Floor is 1.2m above ground
- Walls are 1.5m high from floor to eaves
- Gable roof
- About 6.5m high from NGL to roof apex
- Components:
- Pipul: central post; pusod/navel (1)
- Hag Ha Dugu: corner posts (4)
- Hag Ha Gitung: middle posts (2)
- Liug: neck (1)
- Hita: groin (1)
Roof Structure of Tausug House
- Hag: column
- Ubung: tie beam or bottom chord
- Pangtuud: kingpost
- Jantan: rafters
- Batang Biyubungan: ridgebeam
- Kasaw: purlins
- Tiuk: bracket support
Post and Lintel Connections of Tausug House
- Hag: wooden/bamboo post
- Tuka: non-continuous post
- Patung: lintel/beam
- Tingham: notch
- Garing-Garing: bracket
- Lungag: hole in the bamboo post
- Bagun: vine lashing
Ivatan Houses
- Lagatiti: an ethnic makeshift lean-to; 4.5 sqm; sloped roof
- Rahaung: developed from Kamadid or Camarin; A-frame roof resting on the ground; no walls and partitions
- Chivuvuhung: improved Rahaung; follows the framework of Rahaung but with walls for partitions
- Jinjin: seasonal shelter in fishing villages; storage for smoked fish
- Mayhurahed: low base of mud and stone (Hurahed); similar to Jinjin
- Sinadumparan (gable roof house): walls made of stone and lime mortar; main house or Rakuh; has a kitchen
- Maytuab: similar to Sinadumparan but with four sloping roofs (hip roof)
Bahay Na Bato
- Geometric style during the Spanish occupation
- Media Agua: eaves supporting the windows
- Volada: bay window
- Ground Floor:
- Zaguan: area for wine carriages and saint's floats
- Cuadra: horse table
- Bodega: storage room
- Entresuelo: mezzanine elevated 1.00m above NGL
- Patio: enclosed courtyard open to the sky and adjacent to Zaguan
- Escallera: grand staircase
- Second Floor:
- Ceremonial Stairs: first 3 steps are of concrete, the rest are wood
- Caida: open area at the upper end of Escallera
- Sala: living room
- Comedor: dining room
- Cuarto: bedroom
- Cocina: kitchen
- Dispensa: food storage
- Bano: bathroom
- Azotea: open terrace open to the sky; adjacent to Zaguan
- Balcon: overhang balcony
- Aljibe: cistern storage of collected rainwater underneath Azotea
- Latrina: water closet
Military Architecture
- 1565: Legaspi and his men erected a triangular fort near the coast of the city, Fort San Pedro
- 1571: Fort Nuestra Señora De Guia (Our Lady of Guidance) was built in Manila
- 1590s: Fort Santiago was built
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Description
Test your knowledge of the indigenous people of the Philippines, their history, and cultural practices. From the Austronesian people to the Tausug and Badjao, this quiz covers it all.
