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Questions and Answers
What is the term Austronesian people referring to?
Where were the Callao Man fossilized remains discovered?
Callao Cave, Peñablanca Cagayan
The Tabon Man was discovered in ______ caves.
Tabon
Which indigenous group from Mindanao is known as the 'People of the Lake'?
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What is the architectural style of the house of ISNEG (BINURON)?
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The sea nomads, including Tausug, Yakan, Samal, and Badjao, are collectively known as ____________.
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Islam in the Philippines dates back to the 8th to 9th century and had significant trade relations with Arabs and Muslims.
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Who invited Daniel Hudson Burnham to the Philippines?
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What movement did Daniel Burnham promote?
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What did Burnham refer to Manila as possessing with regards to other famous places? Manila possessed the bay of naples, the winding river of paris, and the canals of venice.
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Who led the first Spanish Expedition to the Philippines?
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Who inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia during the 16th century?
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The fall of Constantinople to the Muslim Turks happened in 1453.
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Magellan sailed from San Lucar, Spain with 5 ships and __ men on September 20, 1519.
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Match the structure classifications with their types:
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What is the term used to describe the combination of wood and stones in architecture?
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Which of the following are parts of a Tausug House? (Select all that apply)
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The La Leyes de Indias was a compilation of decrees from King Carlos V.
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In Manila, INTRAMUROS was built in the year ___.
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Gen Gomez Perez built stone walls enclosing ____.
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Fort San Felipe, built in 1609, became the port of call for ___ galleons.
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Domestic architecture in the Philippines went through various stages of adaptation and development.
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Who appointed Arcadio Arellano as consulting architect in 1901?
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Who was the first Filipino to receive the academic title of Architect during the American regime?
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Antonio Toledo was a product of Ohio State University and Columbia University.
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Tomas Mapua founded the __________ Institute of Technology.
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What architectural style were the Post Office Building and Metropolitan Theatre designed in by Juan Arellano?
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Match the architect with their notable works:
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What is the primary characteristic of Rahaung?
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When considering Chivuvuhung, what best describes its features?
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Mayhurahed has a low base made of mud and stone but still maintains the frame and shape of ________.
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Sinadumparan is a type of house with four sloping roofs.
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Match the components of Bahay na Bato with their descriptions:
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What is the name of the triangular fort erected near the coast of the city by Legaspi & his men in 1565?
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Which Filipino architect was known as the Maestro de Obras?
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Who was the 1st recipient of the scholarship for Architecture in Drexel Institute of Philadelphia?
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Match the following architects with their notable achievements:
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Who is known for the architectural design characterized by large windows, horizontal movement of balconies, and exposed columns?
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Which building is described as having massive walls with strip windows forming a backdrop for a towering semicylindrical window set behind slender columns?
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Juan Nakpil went to Paris for further training after his studies in the United States.
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The UP Carillon is a 130 ft structure, the first of its kind in Southeast Asia, that is played using a wooden __________.
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Match the architect with their notable works:
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Study Notes
Austronesian Ancestry
- Austronesian people refer to a population group in Southeast Asia and Oceania who speak Austronesian languages or had ancestors who spoke them.
Pleistocene People
- Earliest dwellers in the Philippines
- Lived during the Ice Age
- Theory of Land/Tulay na Lupa
Building Characteristics
- Tropical
- Open
- Light (moveable, earthquake-proof)
- Stilted
- Thatched, pitched roof
Prehistoric Building Types
- Caves
- Lean-to-shelters
- Arboreal shelters
Callao Cave
- Fossilized remains of Callao Man discovered in 2007
- Remains are about 67,000 years old
Tabon Cave
- Dubbed as the "Cradle of Civilization" in the Philippines
- Tabon Man was discovered in the cave
- Manunggul jar is a secondary burial jar from a Neolithic burial site
- The Tabon Man was discovered in the caves, one of the oldest human remnants found in the Philippines
Tau Batu Cave
- Shelter for more than one family
- Fear of thunder led people to retreat in caves due to folklore
- Datag (basic sleeping platform) made from tree branches and dried leaves
Angono Petroglyphs
- Oldest known work of art in the Philippines
- 127 human and animal figures engraved on the rock wall dating back to 3000 BC
- Stylized human figures, frogs, and lizards
Lean-to-Shelter
- Fundamental act of building practiced by nomads
- Windbreak, sun-sun, and rain screen anchored by a pole
Arboreal Shelters
- Architectural institution fashioned by nature
Tree House
- 20, 30 to 60 feet above ground for protection against animals and human enemies
Pre-Colonial Architecture in Northern Luzon
Balai/Bahay
- Southeast Asian type of domestic architecture
- Characteristics:
- Elevated living floor
- Rectangular volume
- Raised pile foundation
- Voluminous thatched roof
Vernacular Structural Elements
- Buildings with pile or stilt foundation are pervasive features in the mainland
- Foundation:
- Wooden post framework
- Superseded pile/Stilts or Rollers
- Voluminous Thatch Roof:
- Most distinct feature of Austronesian vernacular architectural form
- Extended line of roof, often with outward sloping gables forming elegant saddleback curves
- Construction Techniques:
- Assembled without nails
- Post and lintel method
- Walls and floors do not constitute main load-bearing elements
- Draming system consists of vertical studs slotted into horizontal sills
Regional Houses
- Batanes
- Cordillera
- Luzon & Visayas (central, southern)
- Mindanao
- Upland and Lowland houses have acquired distinct architectural features due to environmental conditions and site contexts
Ivatan Architecture
Ivatan House
- Rows on steep mountain terrain
- Fireplace at one end
- Dominican Friars introduced the Cal y Canto technique
- One windowless wall facing strong winds
- Village located on slopes/peak hills
- Huts were low partly because high structures would easily topple by strong winds
- Classified according to roof configuration
- Maytuab (hip roof) and Sinadumparan (gable roof)
Materials
- Cogon Grass - main roofing material
- Limestones - main walls
- Fango - mortar of mixed mud and cogon
- Panpet - roof net made of ropes and pegs
Idjang
- Defensive engineering of the Early Ivatan Settlers
Jinjin (Thatched House)
- Aboriginal Ivatan; thatch house; timber-framed, used reeds and cogon for walls and roof
Kamadid
- A type of Ivatan house that encloses the lower portion of wood, while the upper portion is built of thick cogon grass
Rahaung
- Working area and storage for fishing equipment
- No wall enclosure
- Exposed post supports the roof
- Thick gable cogon with or without cable wall
Aboriginal Ivatan
- Lived in wood, ba boo, and thatched
Cordillera
Cordillera People
- Northern Strains
- Southern Strains
- Igorot (Mountain chains dwellers)
Cordillera Building Examples
- House as a womb; space concept
- Basket-like
- Stretch leg like ladder
- Comparison to the tudong or rain cape for women
- House only for the husband and wife, and perhaps children
- Symbol of fertility
Isneg (Binuron)
- Boat-like appearance
- Located in Apayao Province
- Rectangular plan, high gable roof, roof framing independent from floor and framework
- Largest house in Cordillera region
- TARAKIP - binuron extension/annex
- Roof made with split bamboo, laid alternately face down and up
Kalinga
- Binayon
- Octagonal plan
- Three divided floorings, lowest in the center
- Foruy
- Square plan
Bontoc
- Illi or village has 3 basic residential structures
- AFUNG - council house
- ATO - dormitory for males
- ULOG - dormitory for females
- OLONG - public structure where young women of marriageable age go to sleep at night
- KAT-YU’FONG - for the poor
- ANGAN - sleeping area
- CHOKSU - utility bench
- SOKLIT - kitchen
- TAP-AN - pounding area
- LI-IM - working/eating area
- FAY-U - for the rich
- KAL-LOB - residence for widows or unmarried women
- AKHAMANG - rice granaries
- AL-LANG - repository of food and other supplies
- ABONG - for the poor
- HAGABI - bench for upper-class people
- KANYAW - pig and carabao skull
- PABAFUNAN/DAP-AY - open court where people gather to perform rituals
Rice Terraces
- INALAHAN - public forest
- HINAOB - forest adopted by terrace communities
- UMA/KAINGIN - swidden farm
- PAYO - stonewalled terrace pond-field
- LATANGAN - residential area
- MAGULON - grassland
- BABLE - villages
- BALE/FALE - houses
- ALANG - granary
- MUYONG - ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces
Ifugao
- Built on the rice terraces near a spring or grove
- Entry faces down slope down
- 2-year construction, dismantled in a day
- Bului carved granary guardians
Architecture in Mindanao and Muslim Space
Islam in the Philippines
- Embracing Islam
- Islam in the Philippines
- Business partnership and marriage, one of the basic reasons
- Muslim teachings and free education
- 8-9th century trades with Arabs and Muslims
- Merchant asylum in Asia, principally in Malaysia (South east Asia)
Muslim in the Philippines
- Tuan Masha’ika and Karim ui Mhakdum
- Practice blended with folk traditions and religion, attracted to beautiful rituals, stories, and art, brotherhood
- Islam limited to high-class people or Tarasilas
- Arrived in Lake Lanao, marriage alliances, Muslim, and it became Sultanate
- 1450 BC: 3 Sultanate founded
- Sulu with Sultan Abu Bakr (1450) as its first Sultan
- Kabungsuwan (1515) and Lanao, Sultan Sharif Alawi
Indigenous People in Sulu Archipelago
- Yakan of Basilan
- Tausug of Sulu
- Samal & Badjao of Tawi-tawi
- Maranao of Lanao
- Iranoi & Maguindanao of Cotabato
- Jama Mapun near Sabah
Forts and Royal Residence
- Early Filipinos constructed forts or KOTA, a fortified settlement bordered by palisade
- Austronesian House in Mindanao and Sulu
- The sea nomads
- Tausug
- Yakan
- Samal
- Badjao
Maranao
- People of the lake
- The largest indigenous group in Mindanao
- Divided into four settlements
- Pagampong / Pagawidan (principalities of Maranaos)
Lawig
- Small house
- Stilted with lean-to-roofing
- Usually single family unit dwelling
Mala-a-Walai
- Large house of well-to-do families without panolong
- Okir decoration on baseboards, doors, jambs, and windowsills
- Bamboo fenced porch marks facade
Torogan
- House for Sultans & Datus
- Arranged in a line along the river
- Multi-family dwelling
- Structure:
- Post numbering to 12 load-bearing and 3 non-bearing
- To assess the strength and resilience, it is tradition to have two Carabao fights inside### Muslim Filipino Groups
- Tausug: means "people of the current" or "taong dagat" or "alon", second largest group of Muslim Filipinos and foremost indigenous people in Sulu Archipelago
- Yakans: live in the mountainous interior of Basilan island, houses individually owned and occupied by one family, characterized by LUMAH – rectangular, rigged roof, single room, pile structure, no ceiling, and few or no windows
- Samal: more dominant in Borneo, but also found in Jolo Island and Basilan, parts of Samal house include BUBUNG (roof), PANG-TUUD (king post), HABONG (tie beam), HANGLAD (girder), TUKALOG (stud), TAYTAYAN-TIKUS (roof beam), SALSAL (joist), and PANTAN (terrace oriented to East)
- Badjao: sea gypsies found in Zamboanga, Basilan, Jolo, Tawi-tawi, and Palawan, also known as Sama Dilaut (people of the ocean) or Samal Luwaan (outcasts), houses used as shelter and transportation, including DAPANG/VINTA (used for short fishing trips), PALAW (permanent dwelling or temporary lodging), and LUMA (permanent dwelling, floating shanty, and sand-stilted)
Muslim Architecture
- Masjid: a Muslim building for worship, where the congregation of the faithful becomes one with God
- Langal: rangal, synonymous to chapels, "to meet"
- Mimbar: tower
- Tabo or Jabu-jabu: summoning instrument
- Sunduk: carved markers used to identify graves
- Burak and Okir: ornaments
- Mosques in the Philippines include SHEIK KARIMAL MAKDUM MOSQUE, MASJID AL-DAHAB, BLUE MOSQUE, and KING FAISAL MOSQUE
Spanish Colonization
- 1480-1521: Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan led the first Spanish expedition to the Philippines
- 1492: Columbus landed in the Bahamas, which he believed to be the Asiatic Archipelago
- 1493: Pope Alexander VI divided the globe, with the Eastern hemisphere belonging to Portugal and the Western hemisphere to Spain
- 1516-1556: Charles I ruled Spain and inherited the Netherlands, Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia
- 1520: Charles I became the Holy Roman Emperor, succeeding Emperor Maximillian I
- 1521: Magellan sailed from San Lucar, Spain with 5 ships and 237 men
- March 17, 1521: Crossed the Pacific Ocean
- April 1, 1521: Reached Cebu
- Antonio Pigafetta: Venetian chronicler, gave detailed account of the baptism of the first Cebuanos
- Queen Juana: first Cebuana, Humabon's wife, who was baptized
- September 6, 1522: Only the Vittoria ship made it back to Spain
- 1565-1898: Philippines was a colony of Spain
Spanish Architecture
- Iglesia/Simbahan: church
- Campanario: bell tower
- Convento: residence of parish priest
- Escuela: school
- Fuerza or Fortaleza: fortifications
- Civic Buildings: Casa Real, Tribunal, Farola (lighthouse)
- Bahay na Bato: stone house
- Puente: stone bridges
- Mateo del Sanz: military engineer, built Fort San Pedro
- Fort San Pedro: constructed in 1565, first among many fortifications erected by the Spaniards
- Fort Nuestra Señora de GuÃa: 1571, built by Fr. Antonio Sedeno
- Panay: Juan de Salcedo and Urdaneta led an expedition to the North, reached Manila Bay, and reported to Legazpi about the "rich Muslim kingdom"
- May 8, 1570: Flotilla sailed from Panay to Manila
- May 24, 1570: Muslims were defeated
- 1571: Legazpi traced the border of land bounded by the Pasig River and called it the New Spanish City
- 1580s: Domingo Salazar became the first Bishop of Manila
- 1587: Gov. Gen. Santiago de Vera ordered all buildings in Manila to be built in stone
- Arquitectura Mestiza: mixed architecture, combining Spanish and Filipino styles
- Maestro de Obras: master builders, native Filipinos who had practical experience and learned additional skills from friars and engineers
- Pedro Jusepe: one of the first master builders of Intramuros (1591)
- Felix Roxas Sr.: first Filipino professional architect who studied abroad
Building Materials and Elements
- Molave: used for house posts, impermeable to termites, and hardened as it aged
- Narra: used for floorboards, has a deep red color, and is polished to a beautiful sheen
- Bricks: made from clay, molded in wooden forms, and used for building structures
- Argamasa: mortar, made from powder lime and water
- Paletada: provides ornamentation for facades and entrances
- Window panels: made from translucent capiz clam shells
- Regional building materials: Manila and Central Luzon used adobe, Northern Luzon used bricks, Luzon coastal towns used hewn blocks of coral stones, and Bicol Peninsula used volcanic stone
Laws and Urban Planning
- Laws of the Indies: compilation of decrees of Rey Fernandi I de Aragon and Carlos V, Empirador de Pax Romano
- Bajos de la Campanas: controlled natives' everyday life by allowing clergy to wake up villagers, summon them to mass, and subject them to religious cathechism
- Reduccion u Encomienda: forced urbanization
- Encomienda: land as private property, communal and individual lands were confiscated and given to the Spanish colonist who distributed to the members of Principalia (Datus/Rajah/Lakan, their families)
- Cuadriculla: streets laid out in uniform precision, grid pattern (Greco-Roman city concept)### Augustinians and Roman Catholic Church
- 1565: Iglesia-Monasterio de San Agustin y San Pablo de Ermita, the oldest stone church in the Philippines, was built
- 1578: Royal grant was given to missionaries/Religious Order of Friar Minor; Franciscans
- 1581: Society of Jesus (SJ); Jesuits were established
- 1587: Order of Preachers (OP); Dominicans were established
- 1606: Order of Augustinian Recollects (OSA-R/OAR); Recoletos were established
Regional Materials
- Adobe and Volcanic Tuff were used in Central Luzon
- Coralline and Limestone were used in Vis and Min
- Sandstone was used in some parts of Panay Island
- Bricks were used in Northern Luzon
Levels of Roman Catholic Church
- Basilica: the highest level
- Cathedral: the principal church of a diocese
- Parish: a group of Christ's faithful entrusted to a parish priest
- Chapels: small churches or places of worship
- Monastic/Religious Congressional: includes Monastery, Abbey, Priory, Friary, Nunnery, etc.
Ethnic Houses
Bahay Kubo
- Pile construction with push-out or sliding windows
- Components:
- Balkon/Beranda: front porch
- Bulwagan: square, multipurpose, main room of the house
- Silid: changing area for women; storage for sleeping items and personal belongings
- Kusina: usually with a separate roof
- Batalan: open-air, back porch, bathrooms, and laundry area
- Bangahan/Banggera: storage for pots
- Silong: storage for farm and fishing tools, pestles, pigs, and cattle
- Kamalig: separate storage house for unhulled rice (palay)
Binuron House
- Rests on 15 posts
- Floor is 1.2m above ground
- Walls are 1.5m high from floor to eaves
- Gable roof
- About 6.5m high from NGL to roof apex
Tausug House
- Rests on 15 posts
- Floor is 1.2m above ground
- Walls are 1.5m high from floor to eaves
- Gable roof
- About 6.5m high from NGL to roof apex
- Components:
- Pipul: central post; pusod/navel (1)
- Hag Ha Dugu: corner posts (4)
- Hag Ha Gitung: middle posts (2)
- Liug: neck (1)
- Hita: groin (1)
Roof Structure of Tausug House
- Hag: column
- Ubung: tie beam or bottom chord
- Pangtuud: kingpost
- Jantan: rafters
- Batang Biyubungan: ridgebeam
- Kasaw: purlins
- Tiuk: bracket support
Post and Lintel Connections of Tausug House
- Hag: wooden/bamboo post
- Tuka: non-continuous post
- Patung: lintel/beam
- Tingham: notch
- Garing-Garing: bracket
- Lungag: hole in the bamboo post
- Bagun: vine lashing
Ivatan Houses
- Lagatiti: an ethnic makeshift lean-to; 4.5 sqm; sloped roof
- Rahaung: developed from Kamadid or Camarin; A-frame roof resting on the ground; no walls and partitions
- Chivuvuhung: improved Rahaung; follows the framework of Rahaung but with walls for partitions
- Jinjin: seasonal shelter in fishing villages; storage for smoked fish
- Mayhurahed: low base of mud and stone (Hurahed); similar to Jinjin
- Sinadumparan (gable roof house): walls made of stone and lime mortar; main house or Rakuh; has a kitchen
- Maytuab: similar to Sinadumparan but with four sloping roofs (hip roof)
Bahay Na Bato
- Geometric style during the Spanish occupation
- Media Agua: eaves supporting the windows
- Volada: bay window
- Ground Floor:
- Zaguan: area for wine carriages and saint's floats
- Cuadra: horse table
- Bodega: storage room
- Entresuelo: mezzanine elevated 1.00m above NGL
- Patio: enclosed courtyard open to the sky and adjacent to Zaguan
- Escallera: grand staircase
- Second Floor:
- Ceremonial Stairs: first 3 steps are of concrete, the rest are wood
- Caida: open area at the upper end of Escallera
- Sala: living room
- Comedor: dining room
- Cuarto: bedroom
- Cocina: kitchen
- Dispensa: food storage
- Bano: bathroom
- Azotea: open terrace open to the sky; adjacent to Zaguan
- Balcon: overhang balcony
- Aljibe: cistern storage of collected rainwater underneath Azotea
- Latrina: water closet
Military Architecture
- 1565: Legaspi and his men erected a triangular fort near the coast of the city, Fort San Pedro
- 1571: Fort Nuestra Señora De Guia (Our Lady of Guidance) was built in Manila
- 1590s: Fort Santiago was built
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Description
Test your knowledge of the indigenous people of the Philippines, their history, and cultural practices. From the Austronesian people to the Tausug and Badjao, this quiz covers it all.
