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Questions and Answers
What was one of the primary responses of the Igorot people to American presence?
What was one of the primary responses of the Igorot people to American presence?
What was the primary function of the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes (BNCT)?
What was the primary function of the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes (BNCT)?
What misconception did American ethnology have about the Igorot identity?
What misconception did American ethnology have about the Igorot identity?
What was the significance of the location identified for Baguio during the American period?
What was the significance of the location identified for Baguio during the American period?
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During the Spanish period, how were the people of Cordillera primarily perceived?
During the Spanish period, how were the people of Cordillera primarily perceived?
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What was one of the major reasons for the differentiation between lowland populations and highlanders in the Cordillera region?
What was one of the major reasons for the differentiation between lowland populations and highlanders in the Cordillera region?
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Which period saw a relatively moderate resistance from the Cordillera people compared to previous Spanish intrusion?
Which period saw a relatively moderate resistance from the Cordillera people compared to previous Spanish intrusion?
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What was indicated as a reason for the migration of the original inhabitants of the Cordillera region?
What was indicated as a reason for the migration of the original inhabitants of the Cordillera region?
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Which indigenous group is associated with the province of Pangasinan in the Cordillera region?
Which indigenous group is associated with the province of Pangasinan in the Cordillera region?
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What type of governmental structure was established in the Cordillera region during the Spanish period?
What type of governmental structure was established in the Cordillera region during the Spanish period?
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Which of the following events occurred in the mid-1800s as part of the Spanish colonial efforts in the Cordillera region?
Which of the following events occurred in the mid-1800s as part of the Spanish colonial efforts in the Cordillera region?
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What was the principal focus of the American pacification approach in the Cordillera region?
What was the principal focus of the American pacification approach in the Cordillera region?
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What term is used to describe the scattered autonomous villages in the Cordillera region?
What term is used to describe the scattered autonomous villages in the Cordillera region?
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What was the primary goal of the Commission for National Integration (CNI)?
What was the primary goal of the Commission for National Integration (CNI)?
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Which of the following elements was part of the resistance to the logging projects?
Which of the following elements was part of the resistance to the logging projects?
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What does the term 'Cultural Minority' refer to in this context?
What does the term 'Cultural Minority' refer to in this context?
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Which concept was revived to resist the governmental actions against the communities?
Which concept was revived to resist the governmental actions against the communities?
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How was discrimination against Igorots expressed after the establishment of the CNI?
How was discrimination against Igorots expressed after the establishment of the CNI?
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What does the term 'tingguian' mean?
What does the term 'tingguian' mean?
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Which two provinces were merged in 1902?
Which two provinces were merged in 1902?
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What role did the Presidential Assistant on National Minorities (PANAMIN) play?
What role did the Presidential Assistant on National Minorities (PANAMIN) play?
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What widely used label became more accepted in the 1930s?
What widely used label became more accepted in the 1930s?
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Who was Macliing Dulag?
Who was Macliing Dulag?
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What was the fate of the Cellophil Resources Corporation (CRC) operation in 1984?
What was the fate of the Cellophil Resources Corporation (CRC) operation in 1984?
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What significant event happened to a governor of Mountain Province before the Japanese invasion?
What significant event happened to a governor of Mountain Province before the Japanese invasion?
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What was one consequence of the logging concession granted by the government?
What was one consequence of the logging concession granted by the government?
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What significant action did Luis Hora take regarding the term 'Igorot' in 1958?
What significant action did Luis Hora take regarding the term 'Igorot' in 1958?
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What was a reason mentioned for seeking regional autonomy in the Cordillera?
What was a reason mentioned for seeking regional autonomy in the Cordillera?
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Which group was notably involved in demanding autonomy in the Cordillera?
Which group was notably involved in demanding autonomy in the Cordillera?
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What did the Chico River Dam Project signify in the context of Igorot consciousness?
What did the Chico River Dam Project signify in the context of Igorot consciousness?
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Which law established the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)?
Which law established the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)?
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Who led the Cordillera Peoples' Liberation Army (CPLA)?
Who led the Cordillera Peoples' Liberation Army (CPLA)?
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What does the term 'Cordillera' refer to in this context?
What does the term 'Cordillera' refer to in this context?
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What change occurred to the provinces in the Mountain Province in 1966?
What change occurred to the provinces in the Mountain Province in 1966?
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Study Notes
Cordillera Region Overview
- Indigenous peoples label stems from colonial experiences; the Colonial Political Management (CPM) avoided full-scale colonization.
- Original inhabitants resulted from migration patterns, creating a distinction from lowland populations through this process.
Colonial Period Dynamics
- Spanish attempts to colonize the Cordillera failed, leading to ethnic differentiation between hispanized lowlanders and unhispanized highlanders.
- The region was characterized by scattered autonomous villages referred to as Tribus Independientes.
- From mid-1800s, military posts were established in various provinces, including Benguet and Mt. Province.
American Period (1898-1941)
- Strategies included military and civil pacification, with moderate resistance from local populations compared to Spanish intrusion.
- Key reasons for the moderate response included previous pacification efforts by the Spanish.
- Igorots retreated deeper into the mountains as a form of resistance; population dispersion and ethnic distinctions intensified.
Geographic Identifications and Labels
- Term “Igorot” originally used to refer to Benguet people, but later applied to others.
- Labels during Spanish and American periods included “savages,” “bandits,” and “infieles,” reflecting colonial perceptions.
Provincial Developments
- In 1900, Benguet province was officially organized, followed by the merging of Lepanto and Bontoc in 1902.
- The 1930s saw a shift in labeling, with “mountaineer” gaining acceptance over “Igorot.”
Post-War Identity Struggle
- After WWII, the Commonwealth Government appointed an Igorot governor for Mountain Province, marking a significant political change.
- The term “Cultural Minority” emerged to identify non-Christian groups within the region.
- The Commission for National Integration (CNI) aimed to include these minorities in the national narrative but faced challenges of discrimination and marginalization.
Advocacy for Autonomy
- In 1958, legislation aimed to prohibit derogatory use of "Igorot" in favor of more neutral terms.
- Significant subdivisions of Mountain Province occurred in 1966, leading to the creation of new provinces and altering regional identities.
- The Cordillera People's Alliance (CPA) and Cordillera Peoples’ Liberation Army (CPLA) emerged in activism, seeking autonomy and rights for local populations.
Resistance to Development Projects
- Opposition to projects such as the Chico River Dam revealed deep-rooted issues of consent and cultural preservation.
- The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) was established in 1987, symbolizing a shift towards regional autonomy and governance.
Key Historical Events and Figures
- Macliing Dulag, a prominent village elder and activist, was assassinated in 1980, highlighting tensions during activism.
- Peace negotiations and agreements, like Sipat with the CPLA, were crucial in shaping regional politics.
Conclusion
- The defined identity of the Cordillera evolved from colonial labels to a struggle for genuine representation and respect for indigenous rights, leading to contemporary movements for autonomy and recognition.
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Description
Explore the complex history of the Cordillera Region, detailing the impact of colonial management, the dynamics of the Spanish colonization attempts, and the subsequent American period. This quiz examines the unique indigenous experiences and the evolution of political and social structures in the mountainous areas.
