Cordillera Region Historical Overview

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Questions and Answers

What was one of the primary responses of the Igorot people to American presence?

Formation of military alliances

Retreat into deeper parts of the mountains (correct)

Increased agricultural production

Establishment of new schools

What was the primary function of the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes (BNCT)?

To establish diplomatic relations with indigenous leaders

To promote Christianity among highlanders

To oversee agricultural development in the region

To produce research about Cordillera and its people (correct)

What misconception did American ethnology have about the Igorot identity?

They viewed them as technologically advanced

They considered them to be pagans and backward (correct)

They believed they were the same as other Filipino tribes

They thought they were highly civilized

What was the significance of the location identified for Baguio during the American period?

It was ideal for a hill station and relaxation Signup and view all the answers

During the Spanish period, how were the people of Cordillera primarily perceived?

As 'less civilized' and distinct Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major reasons for the differentiation between lowland populations and highlanders in the Cordillera region?

Hispanization of lowland populations Signup and view all the answers

Which period saw a relatively moderate resistance from the Cordillera people compared to previous Spanish intrusion?

American Period Signup and view all the answers

What was indicated as a reason for the migration of the original inhabitants of the Cordillera region?

Spanish attempts of colonization Signup and view all the answers

Which indigenous group is associated with the province of Pangasinan in the Cordillera region?

Ibaloy Signup and view all the answers

What type of governmental structure was established in the Cordillera region during the Spanish period?

Commandancia-Politico-Militares Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events occurred in the mid-1800s as part of the Spanish colonial efforts in the Cordillera region?

Establishment of military posts Signup and view all the answers

What was the principal focus of the American pacification approach in the Cordillera region?

Military and civil control Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the scattered autonomous villages in the Cordillera region?

Tribus Independientes Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Commission for National Integration (CNI)?

To integrate non-Christian groups into mainstream society Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements was part of the resistance to the logging projects?

The influence of NGOs and churches Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Cultural Minority' refer to in this context?

Groups that do not identify as Christian Signup and view all the answers

Which concept was revived to resist the governmental actions against the communities?

The Vochong- peace pact system Signup and view all the answers

How was discrimination against Igorots expressed after the establishment of the CNI?

As a result of misconceptions about intellectual capacity Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'tingguian' mean?

High or elevated Signup and view all the answers

Which two provinces were merged in 1902?

Lepanto and Bontoc Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Presidential Assistant on National Minorities (PANAMIN) play?

Oversaw the national minorities Signup and view all the answers

What widely used label became more accepted in the 1930s?

Mountaineer Signup and view all the answers

Who was Macliing Dulag?

A tribal leader who opposed logging Signup and view all the answers

What was the fate of the Cellophil Resources Corporation (CRC) operation in 1984?

It stopped and the dam project ended Signup and view all the answers

What significant event happened to a governor of Mountain Province before the Japanese invasion?

He was appointed the first Igorot governor Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the logging concession granted by the government?

Lack of consultation with affected communities Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did Luis Hora take regarding the term 'Igorot' in 1958?

He filed a bill prohibiting the term in printed materials. Signup and view all the answers

What was a reason mentioned for seeking regional autonomy in the Cordillera?

The territories were viewed solely as a resource base for the majority. Signup and view all the answers

Which group was notably involved in demanding autonomy in the Cordillera?

Cordillera People's Alliance (CPA) Signup and view all the answers

What did the Chico River Dam Project signify in the context of Igorot consciousness?

It represented the struggle against forced development without consent. Signup and view all the answers

Which law established the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)?

Executive Order 220 Signup and view all the answers

Who led the Cordillera Peoples' Liberation Army (CPLA)?

Conrado Balweg Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Cordillera' refer to in this context?

Parallel mountain ranges. Signup and view all the answers

What change occurred to the provinces in the Mountain Province in 1966?

They were subdivided into four new provinces. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cordillera Region Overview

Indigenous peoples label stems from colonial experiences; the Colonial Political Management (CPM) avoided full-scale colonization.
Original inhabitants resulted from migration patterns, creating a distinction from lowland populations through this process.

Colonial Period Dynamics

Spanish attempts to colonize the Cordillera failed, leading to ethnic differentiation between hispanized lowlanders and unhispanized highlanders.
The region was characterized by scattered autonomous villages referred to as Tribus Independientes.
From mid-1800s, military posts were established in various provinces, including Benguet and Mt. Province.

American Period (1898-1941)

Strategies included military and civil pacification, with moderate resistance from local populations compared to Spanish intrusion.
Key reasons for the moderate response included previous pacification efforts by the Spanish.
Igorots retreated deeper into the mountains as a form of resistance; population dispersion and ethnic distinctions intensified.

Geographic Identifications and Labels

Term “Igorot” originally used to refer to Benguet people, but later applied to others.
Labels during Spanish and American periods included “savages,” “bandits,” and “infieles,” reflecting colonial perceptions.

Provincial Developments

In 1900, Benguet province was officially organized, followed by the merging of Lepanto and Bontoc in 1902.
The 1930s saw a shift in labeling, with “mountaineer” gaining acceptance over “Igorot.”

Post-War Identity Struggle

After WWII, the Commonwealth Government appointed an Igorot governor for Mountain Province, marking a significant political change.
The term “Cultural Minority” emerged to identify non-Christian groups within the region.
The Commission for National Integration (CNI) aimed to include these minorities in the national narrative but faced challenges of discrimination and marginalization.

Advocacy for Autonomy

In 1958, legislation aimed to prohibit derogatory use of "Igorot" in favor of more neutral terms.
Significant subdivisions of Mountain Province occurred in 1966, leading to the creation of new provinces and altering regional identities.
The Cordillera People's Alliance (CPA) and Cordillera Peoples’ Liberation Army (CPLA) emerged in activism, seeking autonomy and rights for local populations.

Resistance to Development Projects

Opposition to projects such as the Chico River Dam revealed deep-rooted issues of consent and cultural preservation.
The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) was established in 1987, symbolizing a shift towards regional autonomy and governance.

Key Historical Events and Figures

Macliing Dulag, a prominent village elder and activist, was assassinated in 1980, highlighting tensions during activism.
Peace negotiations and agreements, like Sipat with the CPLA, were crucial in shaping regional politics.

Conclusion

The defined identity of the Cordillera evolved from colonial labels to a struggle for genuine representation and respect for indigenous rights, leading to contemporary movements for autonomy and recognition.

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Description

Explore the complex history of the Cordillera Region, detailing the impact of colonial management, the dynamics of the Spanish colonization attempts, and the subsequent American period. This quiz examines the unique indigenous experiences and the evolution of political and social structures in the mountainous areas.