18 Questions
Who was the only opposing force against the Spaniards?
Sultan Anwar ud-Din (Datu Utto)
What was the outcome of the last peace treaty between the Spaniards and the Sulu in 1878?
A sort of Spanish protectorate was established over Sulu while giving Sulu a great deal of autonomy
Why did the Sultan of Sulu lease the Sabah territory?
Upon abandonment of Jolo, the Sultan leased the Sabah territory to the British company
What does Juramentado literally mean?
A person who has taken an oath
What was the primary function of Jihad in early Islamic law?
To banish unbelief and extend Islamic frontiers
What is the term for the prayer leader in the Institution of the Juramentado?
Pandita
What was one of Governor Corcuera's tasks in the Maguindanao Sultanate?
To capture Kudarat and put a Spanish puppet in power
What was the outcome of the 1637 invasion of Lamitan by Governor Corcuera?
Corcuera captured Lamitan despite strong defenses
What led to the breaking of the peace between the Spanish and the Sultanate of Sulu?
The Spanish ambassador was assassinated
What was the initial reason for the conflict between the Spanish and the Bornean trading vessel in 1565?
The capture of a Bornean trading vessel by the Spanish
What was the outcome of the 1645 treaty between the Spanish and Sultan Kudarat?
The Sultan pledged to abandon all forts in Sulu
Why did the Spanish aim to eliminate Bornean pretension in the Philippines in 1581?
Because of a potential alliance between disgruntled Bornean aristocracy and Brunei
What was the result of the Spanish King's royal orders in 1718-1720?
The Spanish fort in Zamboanga was refortified and made stronger
What was the outcome of the Spanish venture in Brunei in the late 1500s?
The Spanish venture ended unsuccessfully
What was the reason for the Spanish decision to colonize Mindanao?
To establish a stronghold against the Muslim Sultanates
What was the goal of Sultan Kudarat's policy of depopulating the forts in Sulu?
To destroy the Spanish plantations and orchards
What was the outcome of the Maguindanaon offensive against Spanish forces in Bisayas in 1606?
The Maguindanaon forces were defeated by the Spanish
What was the result of Katchil Kudarat's alliance with the Dutch?
The Dutch and Maguindanao forces launched a successful attack on Visayas
Study Notes
Phase I: Brunei Cut-Off (1565-1581)
- The Spanish Moro Wars began with the capture of a Bornean trading vessel by Spaniards in 1565.
- Spanish trading ships engaged Bornean and Sulu vessels in 1569, raising concerns over a potential alliance between disgruntled Bornean aristocracy and Brunei.
- In 1578, the Spanish aimed to eliminate Bornean pretension in the Philippines, seeing Brunei and Sulu as allies, with Sultans being brothers-in-law.
- Spanish interference in Brunei's dynastic dispute led to the forced flee of Sultan Seifur-Rijal in 1578.
- The Spanish returned to Brunei in 1581, but their venture ended unsuccessfully.
Phase II: Strongholds (1587-1596)
- The Spanish established forts and colonies in Muslim lands, attempting to exact tribute from Muslims and weaken their alliance with Ternate.
- In 1591, the conspiracy of Tondo chieftains led by Magat Salamat failed, leading to the Spanish decision to colonize Mindanao.
- The Spanish built a fort around Sampakan (Tampakan) in 1596, but Rodriguez de Figueroa was killed by a Kampilan in Cotabato.
Phase III: Counter-Attacks (1599-1606)
- The Maguindanao Sultanate launched an offensive against Spanish forces in the Bisayas in 1599-1600.
- The Spanish conquered Ternate in 1606.
- Muslims captured Spaniards for ransom and enslaved natives, leading to the construction of a fort in Zamboanga.
Phase IV: Fortress War (1635-1663)
- The Spanish fortified Zamboanga in 1635, aiming to capture Katchil Kudarat and establish colonies in Sulu and Brunei.
- In 1655, Governor Corcuera captured Lamitan and invaded neighboring towns.
- Kudarat declared jihad and sought aid from neighboring Sultanates, leading to a 50-year interlude of peace.
Phase V (1718-1720)
- The Spanish King issued royal orders for the occupation of Sulu and Iranun in 1718.
- The Spanish refortified Zamboanga and made it stronger than before.
- Sultan Anwar ud-Din (Datu Utto) opposed the Spanish, but a few expeditions were sent to consolidate their hold in the Maranao and Buayan areas.
The Institution of the Juramentado
- Juramentado refers to Muslim warriors who, after specific religious rites, would rush at Christian invaders with the determination to kill as many as possible and not expect to return alive.
- The Institution of the Juramentado is an "institutionalized suicide" as part of resistance movements.
- Originating from early Islamic law, the world is divided into dar ul-Islam (the abode of Islam) and dar ul-Harb (the abode of War).
- The function of jihad shifted from extending Islamic frontiers to defending dar ul-Islam from falling into the hands of nonbelievers.
Test your knowledge of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, including Governor Corcuera's conquests and the responses of local sultanates. Covering key events and figures from the 17th century, this quiz is perfect for history buffs and students of Southeast Asian history. Learn about the interactions between Spanish colonizers and the Sultanates of Maguindanao, Sulu, and Brunei.
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