Philippine History: Rizal and Migration Theories

Henry Otley Beyer's Wave Migration Theory

• The theory proposes three waves of migration to the Philippines: Dawn Man, Indones, and Malays.
• Dawn Man was the first to come to the Philippines.
• Aetas/Negritos were the aboriginal settlers in the Philippines.
• Indones introduced bronze and rice terraces to the Philippines.
• Malays were the last to come to the Philippines, riding the Balangay.

Core Population Theory

• The theory was proposed by F. Landa Jocano.
• It is based on evolution and believes that Filipinos came from Tabon Man.
• Tabon Man was discovered by Robert Fox and Manuel Santiago in Tabon Cave in Palawan.

Pre-Spanish Period

Social Class

• Maharlika: datus, nobles, and rajah.
• Timawa: free men, commoners.
• Alipin: divided into Aliping Sagigilid (living with their masters) and Aliping Namamahay (with their own homes).
• All lived in a barangay with 30-100 families.

Religion

• Paganism: worship of multiple gods.
• Animism: worship of nature, such as trees, rocks, and the sun.

Economy

• Based on trading and bartering.
• Early traders included the Orang Dampuan from Champa Vietnam, the Banjarmasin from Indonesia, and the Chinese during the Ming Dynasty.

Government

• Datu: the highest authority, making laws and interpreting them.
• Umalohokan: barangay announcer or town crier.
• No court system during this period.
• Trials by ordeal: punishment through pain, eye for an eye.

Communities

• Igorot: lived in the Cordilleras and practiced mummification.
• Pintados: tattooed people in Panay.

Other Important Terms

• Bothoan: considered the first school during this period.
• Baybayin: the first system of writing.

Filipino Traits

• Kanya-kanya/Tayo-tayo: crab mentality.
• Ningas cogon: excellence only at the beginning.
• Manana habit: procrastination.
• Ethnocentric: believing one's own country is superior.
• Xenocentric: believing other countries are superior.
• Extreme personalism: giving too much importance to personal relationships.
• Bahala na: ambivalence.
• Porma over substance: novice learner.
• Substance over porma: expert learner.
• Remedyo attitude: finding solutions.
• Cheerful: being happy and optimistic.
• Blood compact/sanduguan: sealing friendships.
• Bethrothal: engagement in the prehispanic era.
• Dowry originated in India.

Terms to Remember

• Mai: means gold in Mindoro.
• Makhdum: an Arab missionary who brought Islam to the Philippines in 1380.
• First Sultunate: Sulu, founded by Abu Bakr.
• First settlement of Islam: Tawi-Tawi.
• EFIC: External, Forms, Internal, Content.

Coming of the West

Treaty of Tordesillas

• Divided the world into two: Spanish West and Portuguese East.

Social Classes During the Spanish Colonization

• Pimpi: social classes during the Spanish colonization.
• Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain.
• Insulares: Spaniards born in the Philippines.
• Mestizo: those with foreign blood.
• Principalia: educated, middle-class individuals.
• Indio: natives.

Spanish Policies

• Pueblo: town.
• Tributo: tax.
• Cabecerras: town center.
• Reduccion: resettlement.
• Bandala: product tax.
• Polo Y Servicio: forced labor.
• Polista: polo worker.
• Falla: exemption fee from the Polo Y Servicio.
• Trade center: a center for trade.
• Alcadia: pacified area of Spain.
• Corregimentos: unpacified area of Spain.
• Indulto de Comercio: privilege given to the governor to engage in trade.
• Frailocracy: government led by friars.
• Cabeza de Barangay: collector of tax.

Order of Spanish Expedition

• MaLoCaSaViPi: Magellan, Loaisa, Cabot, Saavedra, Villalobos, Legazpi.
• Ferdinand Magellan: first to circumnavigate the Earth, arrived in the Philippines on March 16, 1521, and died on April 27, 1521.
• Ruy López de Villalobos: named the Philippines "Las Islas Filipinas" after King Philip II.