Philippine History: Ancient Period to Spanish Colonization

Ancient Period (900 BC - 1521 AD)

• The Philippines was inhabited by various indigenous groups, including the Negritos, Austronesians, and Malaysians.
• The country was divided into barangays, which were small settlements ruled by a datu or rajah.
• Trade and cultural exchange with neighboring countries, such as China and Indonesia, were established.

Spanish Colonization (1521 - 1898)

• Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in 1521, claiming the islands for Spain.
• Spanish colonization led to the introduction of Christianity, the establishment of a Latin-based writing system, and the development of a Spanish-based language.
• The Philippines was governed by the Spanish East Indies, with the capital in Manila.
• The Spanish period was marked by revolts, including the Dagami Revolt and the Tondo Conspiracy.

Philippine Revolution (1896 - 1898)

• The Philippine Revolution began in 1896, led by Emilio Aguinaldo and the Katipunan.
• The revolution aimed to gain independence from Spain and establish a republican government.
• The Pact of Biak-na-Bato in 1897 led to a temporary truce, but the revolution resumed in 1898.

American Colonization (1898 - 1946)

• The Philippines was ceded to the United States following the Spanish-American War.
• The American period saw the introduction of the English language, a new system of education, and the development of infrastructure.
• The Philippine-American War (1899-1902) was a conflict between the US and the Philippine Republic.
• The Jones Act of 1916 granted the Philippines autonomy, and the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 established the Philippine Commonwealth.

Japanese Occupation (1942 - 1945)

• Japan occupied the Philippines during World War II.
• The country was declared an independent republic, but was heavily influenced by Japan.
• The Philippine Commonwealth government-in-exile was established in the US, led by President Manuel Quezon.
• The Battle of Manila in 1945 marked the end of the Japanese occupation.

Post-War Period (1946 - 1986)

• The Philippines gained independence from the US on July 4, 1946.
• The country was led by President Manuel Roxas, followed by Elpidio Quirino, Ramon Magsaysay, and Carlos P. Garcia.
• The Marcos regime (1965-1986) was marked by martial law, corruption, and human rights abuses.

Contemporary Period (1986 - present)

• The People Power Revolution in 1986 led to the ousting of Ferdinand Marcos and the establishment of a democratic government.
• The country has been led by Presidents Corazon Aquino, Fidel Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Benigno Aquino III, and Rodrigo Duterte.
• The Philippines has faced challenges such as corruption, poverty, and terrorism, but has also made progress in economic development and democratization.

Ancient Period (900 BC - 1521 AD)

• Philippines inhabited by indigenous groups: Negritos, Austronesians, and Malaysians
• Country divided into barangays, ruled by a datu or rajah
• Trade and cultural exchange with China and Indonesia established

Spanish Colonization (1521 - 1898)

• Ferdinand Magellan arrived in Philippines in 1521, claiming islands for Spain
• Introduced Christianity, Latin-based writing system, and Spanish-based language
• Governed by Spanish East Indies, with capital in Manila
• Marked by revolts, including Dagami Revolt and Tondo Conspiracy

Philippine Revolution (1896 - 1898)

• Revolution began in 1896, led by Emilio Aguinaldo and Katipunan
• Aimed to gain independence from Spain, establish republican government
• Pact of Biak-na-Bato in 1897 led to temporary truce, but revolution resumed in 1898

American Colonization (1898 - 1946)

• Philippines ceded to United States following Spanish-American War
• Introduced English language, new education system, and developed infrastructure
• Philippine-American War (1899-1902) between US and Philippine Republic
• Jones Act of 1916 granted autonomy, Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 established Philippine Commonwealth

Japanese Occupation (1942 - 1945)

• Japan occupied Philippines during World War II
• Declared independence, but heavily influenced by Japan
• Philippine Commonwealth government-in-exile established in US, led by President Manuel Quezon
• Battle of Manila in 1945 marked end of Japanese occupation

Post-War Period (1946 - 1986)

• Philippines gained independence from US on July 4, 1946
• Led by Presidents Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino, Ramon Magsaysay, and Carlos P. Garcia
• Marcos regime (1965-1986) marked by martial law, corruption, and human rights abuses

Contemporary Period (1986 - present)

• People Power Revolution in 1986 led to ousting of Ferdinand Marcos, establishment of democratic government
• Led by Presidents Corazon Aquino, Fidel Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Benigno Aquino III, and Rodrigo Duterte
• Faced challenges like corruption, poverty, and terrorism, but made progress in economic development and democratization