Philippine Health System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary output of the health system?

  • Health service inputs
  • Stewardship
  • Health Financing
  • Health service provision (correct)
  • Fair financing means that individuals contribute a similar percentage of their income for health services.

    True (A)

    What are the four vital health system functions?

    Health service provision, health service inputs, stewardship, and health financing.

    The most visible product of the health system is public and private ______ provision.

    <p>health service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Health service provision = The resources necessary for service delivery: medications, medical staff, and equipment Health service inputs = The government's oversight of the health system Stewardship = The primary output of the health system Health financing = Raising and pooling resources to pay for health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Roemer (1991), what is a health system composed of?

    <p>A combination of resources, organizations, financing, and management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a health system as only organizations and institutions dedicated to improving health.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three primary goals identified by the WHO for a health system?

    <p>Improving the health of populations, improving the responsiveness of the health system, and providing fair health financing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A well-performing health system promotes ____ by ensuring access to healthcare regardless of income, gender, or location.

    <p>health equity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of a health system with their corresponding function:

    <p>Community = Provides health services Ministries of health = Governance, health policy Healthcare providers = Delivering healthcare directly Pharmaceutical companies = Production and distribution of medications Health financing bodies = Funding healthcare services Other related organizations = Support services, research, advocacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A health system should only include personal healthcare services.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for a health system to engage people as active partners in their care?

    <p>Engaging people in their own care enhances their understanding and empowers them to make informed decisions about their health. It also promotes patient satisfaction and adherence to treatment plans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overarching goal of a health system according to the WHO?

    <p>To enhance health for all populations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of health financing?

    <p>Raising and pooling funds to pay for services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Beveridge model of health financing is primarily funded through payroll deductions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one main goal of service delivery in health systems?

    <p>To provide timely, quality, and cost-effective health services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ model is characterized by government-funded healthcare through taxes.

    <p>Beveridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the health system building blocks?

    <p>Health Marketing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following health system functions to their descriptions:

    <p>Revenue Collection = Methods include taxation and out-of-pocket expenditures Risk Pooling = Spreads financial risks across the population Strategic Purchasing = Efficient use of pooled funds to finance services Health Information Systems = Reliable data for informed decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Effective oversight and regulation are part of health system leadership and governance.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one challenge the health reform initiatives in the Philippines aimed to address.

    <p>Poor accessibility or inequity or inefficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act promoted the writing of prescriptions using the generic name of the drug?

    <p>Generics Act (RA 6675) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The FOURmula One for Health was introduced in 2005 to enhance the delivery of health care services in the Philippines.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year was the Local Government Code enacted, transferring the responsibility of health service provision to local government units?

    <p>1991</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ Act aimed to ensure access to affordable quality drugs and medicines for all.

    <p>Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following historical developments with their corresponding years:

    <p>Generics Act = 1988 National Health Insurance Act = 1995 Health Sector Reform Agenda = 1999 Universal Health Care = 2010</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary responsibilities of the Department of Health (DOH)?

    <p>Developing policies and programs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022?

    <p>To create a high-trust society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The slogan 'All for Health Towards Health For All' emphasizes access to health interventions only for the wealthy.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As of 2010, the Department of Health provided healthcare services directly to all regions in the Philippines.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change did the Local Government Code (LGC) of 1991 bring to health governance in the Philippines?

    <p>It decentralized health services management to cities and municipalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What large-scale health initiative was introduced in the Philippines in 2010?

    <p>Kalusugang Pangkalahatan or Universal Health Care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under the post-devolution structure, the ______ oversees tertiary medical centers.

    <p>Department of Health (DOH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each plan or agenda with its primary goal:

    <p>Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 = Vision for a prosperous society AmBisyon Natin 2040 = Long-term socio-economic development Sustainable Development Goals 2030 = Global goals for combating poverty and inequality Universal Health Care = Health interventions for all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the Universal Health Care's guarantees?

    <p>Healthcare only for those with insurance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The NEDA AmBisyon Natin 2040 plan focuses on promoting poverty and inequality.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three tiers managed by the DOH before the devolution of health services?

    <p>National and regional tertiary hospitals, provincial and district hospitals, barangay health centers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Equity in health systems

    Aiming for fairness and minimizing health disparities within and between countries.

    Health service provision

    The primary output of the health system, including clinical services and preventive measures.

    Health service inputs

    Resources necessary for service delivery, such as medications, staff, and equipment.

    Stewardship

    Government oversight of the health system, involving setting priorities and ensuring effective functioning.

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    Health financing

    The process of raising and pooling resources to pay for health services.

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    Fair financing

    Individuals contribute a similar percentage of income for health services, promoting equity.

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    Preventive measures

    Health services aimed at preventing illness and promoting health in populations.

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    Data-driven decision-making

    Using data to guide health priorities and system function effectively.

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    Revenue Collection

    Methods like taxation and donations to gather funds for health services.

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    Risk Pooling

    Spreads financial risks across a population to ensure access to healthcare.

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    Bismarck Model

    A health insurance system funded through payroll deductions.

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    Beveridge Model

    A government-funded healthcare system through taxation.

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    Service Delivery

    Provision of timely, quality, and cost-effective health services.

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    Health Workforce

    Sufficient and competent staff distributed fairly within the healthcare system.

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    Leadership and Governance

    Effective oversight and regulation of health systems ensuring accountability.

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    Primary Health Care Strategy (1979)

    Adopted to promote participatory management in local health care systems.

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    Generics Act (1988)

    Mandated prescriptions to be written using drug's generic name.

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    Local Government Code (1991)

    Transferred health service responsibilities to local government units (LGUs).

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    National Health Insurance Act (1995)

    Instituted a national health insurance for financial protection, prioritizing the poor.

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    FOURmula One for Health (2005)

    An operational framework for health reforms in the Philippines, enhancing efficiency.

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    Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act (2008)

    Promoted access to affordable quality medicines for all citizens.

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    Universal Health Care (2010)

    Provided universal health coverage and access to quality health care for all Filipinos.

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    Department of Health (DOH) Mandate

    Establishes plans, offers technical help, and oversees health supplies and standards.

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    Definition of Health System

    A combination of resources, organizations, financing, and management to deliver health services.

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    Key Components of Health System

    Includes community, governance, healthcare providers, and financing bodies.

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    WHO Definition of Health System

    All organizations and resources aimed at improving health.

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    Goals of Health System

    Improving health, responsiveness, and fair financing.

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    Overarching Goal

    Enhancing health for all populations.

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    Health Equity

    Ensuring that everyone can access health services without financial hardship.

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    Engagement in Care

    Engaging people as active partners in their health decisions.

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    Responsive Health Services

    Providing quality, respectful, and timely health services.

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    Pre-Devolution Structure

    The centralized health system where DOH managed three tiers: national, provincial, and barangay health services.

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    Post-Devolution Structure

    After the Local Government Code (LGC) of 1991, local governments manage health services at different levels.

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    Universal Health Care (UHC)

    A health system ensuring all individuals have guaranteed access to health interventions throughout their lives.

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    Service Delivery Networks (SDNs)

    Functional networks that facilitate access to health interventions at various levels.

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    Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022

    A medium-term plan aimed at achieving a stable and prosperous life for Filipinos.

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    AmBisyon Natin 2040

    A long-term vision for improving the life quality of Filipinos over the next 25 years.

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    Sustainable Development Goals 2030

    A global initiative to end poverty and tackle issues like climate change through 17 goals.

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    Health Promotion and Prevention

    Basic health services aimed at enhancing wellness and preventing diseases.

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    Study Notes

    Intended Learning Outcomes

    • Define health systems from international, national, and local perspectives
    • Identify goals and functions of a health system
    • Explain the relationship between system building blocks and health outcomes
    • Understand the structure of the Philippine health system

    Health System

    • A health system combines resources, organizations, financing, and management to deliver health services to the population (Roemer, 1991)
    • Key components include: community, ministries of health, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies, health financing bodies, and other related organizations
    • Each component plays a role in governance, health service provision, and resource management and financing

    Well-Performing Health System

    • Provides health-improving activities
    • Promotes health equity, including personal healthcare, public health services, and intersectoral initiatives

    Goals and Functions of a Health System

    • The WHO identifies three main goals: improving the health of populations, improving the responsiveness of health systems, and providing fair health financing
    • Overarching goal: Enhance health for all populations, address health disparities, and aim for equity.
    • System responsiveness: Provide quality, timely, respectful services to engage patients actively. Prioritize patient autonomy and dignity
    • Fair health financing: Ensure equitable financing to promote access to needed care without financial hardship

    Vital Health System Functions

    • 1. Health Service Provision: The primary output of the health system, including clinical and preventive measures to improve population health, needs from treatment to health promotion.

      • Primary measures (e.g., smoking bans, vaccines, healthy lifestyle campaigns)
      • Secondary measures (e.g., blood tests, early screenings, preventative medications)
      • Tertiary measures (e.g., disease management, support groups, rehabilitation programs)
    • 2. Health Service Inputs: Resources needed for delivery like medications, medical staff, and equipment. Policymakers must manage resources efficiently to meet both short-term needs and long-term resource generation.

    • 3. Stewardship: Government oversight of the health system focusing on setting health priorities, coordinating related systems, and ensuring data-driven decision-making. This also includes the function of identifying health priorities, establishing institutional frameworks, coordinating with related systems, analyzing health priorities and resource generation, and creating data for effective decision-making.

    • 4. Health Financing: Raising and pooling funds for services, achieved through methods like taxation, payroll contributions, out-of-pocket expenses, and donor financing.

      • Risk Pooling: Spreading financial risks across the population to ensure access, particularly for those facing financial hardship. Examples include the Bismarck and Beveridge models.
      • Strategic Purchasing: Using pooled funds efficiently to incentivize service providers

    WHO Health System Framework

    • A framework that shows the interconnectedness of system building blocks and goals/outcomes.
    • System building blocks include leadership/governance, health care financing, health workforce, medical products/technologies, information and research, and service delivery.
    • Goals/outcome include improved health (level and equity), responsiveness, financial risk protection, and improved efficiency.
    • Quality and safety are crucial aspects to determine the health outcomes.

    Health System Building Blocks

    • 1. Service Delivery: Timely, quality, and cost-effective personal and non-personal health services
    • 2. Health Workforce: Sufficient, competent, and fairly distributed staff to ensure efficiency and responsiveness.
    • 3. Health Information Systems: Reliable data on health status, determinants, and system performance for data-driven decision-making.
    • 4. Health Products, Vaccines, and Technologies: Accessible health products through managed supply chains and education on proper use.
    • 5. Health Financing: Ensures sufficient funds for healthcare services enabling access without financial barriers.
    • 6. Leadership and Governance: Effective oversight and regulation ensuring accountability and proper design.

    The Philippine Health System

    • Historical Background: Health reform initiatives focused on health service delivery, regulation, and financing to address accessibility, equity, and efficiency issues.
      • Key initiatives: Adoption of Primary Health Care Strategy, reorganization of the DOH, the Generics Act, Local Government Code, National Health Insurance Act, Health Sector Reform Agenda, and FOURmula One for Health
      • Key strategies include focusing on improving care delivery, regulation, and financing for better access.
    • Leadership and Governance Overview: DOH mandate, collaboration with LGUs, roles of provincial, city, municipal, and barangay governments, DOH responsibilities; Pre-Devolution (centralized); Post-Devolution (LGU management of basic services).
    • Directions of the Philippine Health Sector: Slogan of "All for Health Towards Health For All”; 2020 vision for a healthy Philippines through a UHC approach, aiming for population-level interventions in all life stages for health and wellness.
    • The Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 and other development plans lay out policies for a healthier Philippines.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the components and functions of health systems, focusing on international, national, and local perspectives. Students will explore the goals of health systems, the relationship between system building blocks and health outcomes, and the structure specific to the Philippine health system.

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