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Questions and Answers
What notion should scholars adopt to recognize the variety of Englishes in the Philippines?
What notion should scholars adopt to recognize the variety of Englishes in the Philippines?
Which of the following represents a type of variety highlighted in the discussion of Philippine Englishes?
Which of the following represents a type of variety highlighted in the discussion of Philippine Englishes?
What evidence is used to support the variation in Philippine Englishes?
What evidence is used to support the variation in Philippine Englishes?
What stage of Schneider’s dynamic model is Philippine English currently at, according to the article?
What stage of Schneider’s dynamic model is Philippine English currently at, according to the article?
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What type of varieties does the Philippine Englishes model encompass?
What type of varieties does the Philippine Englishes model encompass?
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Which aspect of Philippine Englishes is emphasized in the article?
Which aspect of Philippine Englishes is emphasized in the article?
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Who authored the work on defining standard Philippine English and its grammatical features in 2000?
Who authored the work on defining standard Philippine English and its grammatical features in 2000?
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What does the term 'Hokaglish' refer to in the context of Philippine Englishes?
What does the term 'Hokaglish' refer to in the context of Philippine Englishes?
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What is the main focus of Bautista's 2004 work on Tagalog-English code switching?
What is the main focus of Bautista's 2004 work on Tagalog-English code switching?
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What is the main argument presented in the article regarding Philippine English?
What is the main argument presented in the article regarding Philippine English?
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In which publication did Boltons and Bautista discuss the tensions and transitions of Philippine English?
In which publication did Boltons and Bautista discuss the tensions and transitions of Philippine English?
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What type of study did Borlongan conduct regarding language use attitudes in 2009?
What type of study did Borlongan conduct regarding language use attitudes in 2009?
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Which concept does Canagarajah's 2013 work address?
Which concept does Canagarajah's 2013 work address?
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How many authors collaborated on the 2014 study of modality in Philippine English?
How many authors collaborated on the 2014 study of modality in Philippine English?
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What type of English does the International Corpus of English project focus on?
What type of English does the International Corpus of English project focus on?
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What key concept is explored in the 2004 article by Collins regarding Australian English?
What key concept is explored in the 2004 article by Collins regarding Australian English?
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What is the primary goal of the study mentioned in the content?
What is the primary goal of the study mentioned in the content?
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What significant contribution did the one-million-word Philippine component of the International Corpus of English provide?
What significant contribution did the one-million-word Philippine component of the International Corpus of English provide?
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Which framework situates Philippine English in the outer circle?
Which framework situates Philippine English in the outer circle?
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What was the impact of Bautista's landmark monograph on Philippine English?
What was the impact of Bautista's landmark monograph on Philippine English?
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What role did pioneers like Bautista have in the study of Philippine English?
What role did pioneers like Bautista have in the study of Philippine English?
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Which variety of English is NOT mentioned as being in the outer circle alongside Philippine English?
Which variety of English is NOT mentioned as being in the outer circle alongside Philippine English?
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What is implied about the status of Philippine English before recent research efforts?
What is implied about the status of Philippine English before recent research efforts?
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What does Schneider’s dynamic model contribute to the understanding of World Englishes?
What does Schneider’s dynamic model contribute to the understanding of World Englishes?
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What languages contribute to the linguistic repertoire of Philippine Chinese English speakers?
What languages contribute to the linguistic repertoire of Philippine Chinese English speakers?
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What is a major challenge for linguists studying Philippine Chinese English?
What is a major challenge for linguists studying Philippine Chinese English?
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Which region's English is discussed as having a unique identity separate from Manila's English?
Which region's English is discussed as having a unique identity separate from Manila's English?
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What did Villanueva explore in his dissertation regarding regional varieties of Philippine English?
What did Villanueva explore in his dissertation regarding regional varieties of Philippine English?
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What term is used to describe the variety of English that may arise from the contact with local languages in the Philippines?
What term is used to describe the variety of English that may arise from the contact with local languages in the Philippines?
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The commentary by Dumdum et al. suggests which of the following about Philippine literature and English?
The commentary by Dumdum et al. suggests which of the following about Philippine literature and English?
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What does the discussion imply about the need for research into regional varieties of English in the Philippines?
What does the discussion imply about the need for research into regional varieties of English in the Philippines?
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What is a defining aspect of Philippine Chinese English as mentioned in the content?
What is a defining aspect of Philippine Chinese English as mentioned in the content?
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What role does non-standard variation play in Philippine English according to the research discussed?
What role does non-standard variation play in Philippine English according to the research discussed?
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What did Gonzalez (2004) predict regarding the number of English speakers in the Philippines?
What did Gonzalez (2004) predict regarding the number of English speakers in the Philippines?
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What does the term 'Philippine Englishes' encompass?
What does the term 'Philippine Englishes' encompass?
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What historical factor contributed to the dilution of standard American English in the Philippines?
What historical factor contributed to the dilution of standard American English in the Philippines?
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What influence did 'Thomasites' have on Philippine English?
What influence did 'Thomasites' have on Philippine English?
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Which of the following describes 'X-Englishes' mentioned in the concept of Philippine Englishes?
Which of the following describes 'X-Englishes' mentioned in the concept of Philippine Englishes?
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What aspect of English language policy in the Philippines is emphasized?
What aspect of English language policy in the Philippines is emphasized?
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What feature characterizes the evolution of Philippine English according to the content?
What feature characterizes the evolution of Philippine English according to the content?
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Study Notes
Philippine Englishes
- Philippine English is a relatively recent but established field
- Linguists have spent many years compiling corpora and conducting research on Philippine English
- The availability of the one-million-word Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-PH) has motivated and instigated researchers to partake in vibrant linguistic discourse
- The compilation allowed Bautista (2000) to publish a landmark monograph on the features of standardized Philippine English
- Kachruvian theory situates Philippine English in the outer circle along with other English as a second language varieties
- Gonzalez (2004) raised the possibility of indigenized varieties from the new Englishes
- English has not lost its place in the heart of most Filipinos
- The legitimization of English as an official language, integration to the current educational system, and high regard of most Filipinos for English language competence to be globally competitive suggests that English will not leave Philippine society anytime soon
- The prominent presence of English coupled with existing pro-English and pro-mother tongue language policies could point to the possibility of English variations forming within from Philippine English itself
Towards Philippine ‘Englishes'
- The notion of Philippine ‘Englishes’ should include all possible substrate-influenced English varieties, socially influenced varieties, as well as mixed varieties or ‘X-Englishes’
- The English language is a complex system, and the emergence of different dialects within it is a natural process fueled by cultural contact, social interaction, and geographic distributions.
- The term “Philippine ‘Englishes’” recognizes the diversity and heterogeneity of English language usage within the Philippines, acknowledging the different forms of English that have emerged due to various social and historical influences.
- Substrate-influenced Englishes refer to varieties of English that have been influenced by the local language, such as Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Hiligaynon, spoken in the Philippines.
- Socially influenced varieties of English refer to variations of English that are spoken by specific social groups within the Philippines, such as yaya (nanny) English.
- Mixed varieties or ‘X-Englishes’ are hybrid forms of English that incorporate elements from other languages or dialects besides English, such as Hokaklish, a blend of Hokkien Chinese and English, or Taglish, a mixture of Tagalog and English.
- These varieties reflect the dynamic interplay of languages and cultures in the Philippines and showcase the evolution of English in a multi-lingual context
Substrate-influenced Englishes
- Bolton and Bautista (2004) narrated the history of Philippine English and recounted how the native AmE teachers or ‘Thomasites’ arrived in 1901 and eventually dispersed throughout the islands, teaching Filipino teacher-trainers
- English directly taught using AmE standards was the primary source of language input
- The withdrawal of the United States from the Philippines in 1946, as well as several local language initiatives in the following years, may have diluted the ‘standard’ AmE, prompting the emergence of ‘Philippine English’ catalyzed by Tagalog-based Filipino and characterized by general ‘Philippine’ features
- Philippine Chinese English would be exclusively used by second-generation to fourth-generation Chinese-speaking individuals
- The English that they speak – Philippine Chinese English – may emerge from the speakers’ linguistic repertoire containing namely English, Tagalog, Hokkien, and Mandarin
- These Englishes are only theoretical in nature
- Because they were formed in a similar language ecology as the local English, it would be normal for these foreign-language-based Englishes to reflect the local English or Philippine English in general
- Extensive research needs to be done to discover distinctive phonological, grammatical, and even paralinguistic features before these can be considered Englishes
- Englishes such as Philippine Chinese English and Philippine Korean English have already theoretically emerged due to varying intensive contact with local languages
Evidence
- Many scholars have suggested that such regional Englishes exist
- Dumdum, Mo, and Mojares (2004) commented on the status of Philippine literature and English in Cebu
- They note that Manila is not the sole source of literary creativity in Philippine English and that other regions like Cebu have their history and language which may affect the English that they use
- Similar to Tayao (2004), Dumdum et al. (2004) imply the emergence of a local English in the Philippines, particularly Cebu English, complete with its set of idiosyncrasies as opposed to other Philippine Englishes
- Coincidentally, in his doctoral dissertation Villanueva (2016, p. 242) generally explored the distinctive grammatical features of ‘emerging’ regional varieties of Philippine English; he investigated a self-compiled corpus of academic essays, theses, and dissertations collected from universities where local languages, particularly Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Hiligaynon, are used and attempted to find innovations in English language use.
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Description
Explore the fascinating field of Philippine English, tracing its development and significant contributions to linguistics through research and compilation efforts. This quiz delves into the characteristics that define Philippine English and its role in the educational system and cultural identity of Filipinos.
