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What form of government was established by the 1897 Constitution?
What form of government was established by the 1897 Constitution?
Which of the following powers was vested in the Supreme Council under the 1897 Constitution?
Which of the following powers was vested in the Supreme Council under the 1897 Constitution?
What significant principle was emphasized in the 1899 Malolos Constitution?
What significant principle was emphasized in the 1899 Malolos Constitution?
In the 1935 Constitution, what was the term length for the President?
In the 1935 Constitution, what was the term length for the President?
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Which feature was unique to the 1899 Malolos Constitution compared to the 1897 Constitution?
Which feature was unique to the 1899 Malolos Constitution compared to the 1897 Constitution?
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What was one of the main aims of the 1899 Constitution?
What was one of the main aims of the 1899 Constitution?
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How did the legislative structure change from the 1897 Constitution to the 1935 Constitution?
How did the legislative structure change from the 1897 Constitution to the 1935 Constitution?
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Which of the following was a significant feature of the 1935 Constitution?
Which of the following was a significant feature of the 1935 Constitution?
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What significant action did Marcos take to legitimize his authoritarian rule?
What significant action did Marcos take to legitimize his authoritarian rule?
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What was a major issue that affected the ratification of the 1973 Constitution?
What was a major issue that affected the ratification of the 1973 Constitution?
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Which Constitution replaced the 1973 Constitution after the People Power Revolution?
Which Constitution replaced the 1973 Constitution after the People Power Revolution?
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In the context of the 1897 Constitution, who was the head of the executive branch?
In the context of the 1897 Constitution, who was the head of the executive branch?
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Which legislative body was established under the 1899 Constitution?
Which legislative body was established under the 1899 Constitution?
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What was a key feature regarding the judiciary in the 1899 Constitution?
What was a key feature regarding the judiciary in the 1899 Constitution?
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What was the original term length for the President under the 1935 Constitution?
What was the original term length for the President under the 1935 Constitution?
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Which body constituted the legislative branch in the 1935 Constitution?
Which body constituted the legislative branch in the 1935 Constitution?
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What major change did the 1940 amendment to the Constitution introduce?
What major change did the 1940 amendment to the Constitution introduce?
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What was a key characteristic of the 1943 Constitution?
What was a key characteristic of the 1943 Constitution?
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Which statement accurately describes the legislative structure introduced in the 1973 Constitution?
Which statement accurately describes the legislative structure introduced in the 1973 Constitution?
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What role did the Prime Minister hold in the 1973 Constitution's government structure?
What role did the Prime Minister hold in the 1973 Constitution's government structure?
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Which amendment allowed women to vote in the Philippines?
Which amendment allowed women to vote in the Philippines?
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What was a feature of the 1973 Constitution during Martial Law?
What was a feature of the 1973 Constitution during Martial Law?
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What was one of the criticisms of the 1943 Constitution among Filipinos?
What was one of the criticisms of the 1943 Constitution among Filipinos?
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What was the nature of the 1943 Constitution?
What was the nature of the 1943 Constitution?
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What characterizes the independence of the judiciary during the Japanese occupation?
What characterizes the independence of the judiciary during the Japanese occupation?
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During the 1943 Constitution, what was a key feature of the legislative body?
During the 1943 Constitution, what was a key feature of the legislative body?
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What power did President Ferdinand Marcos have during the 1973 Constitution?
What power did President Ferdinand Marcos have during the 1973 Constitution?
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What was true about the Batasang Pambansa established under the 1973 Constitution?
What was true about the Batasang Pambansa established under the 1973 Constitution?
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How did Martial Law affect the judiciary during Marcos' regime?
How did Martial Law affect the judiciary during Marcos' regime?
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Which of the following statements about the role of the President during the Japanese occupation is correct?
Which of the following statements about the role of the President during the Japanese occupation is correct?
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What was one of the key powers of the President during the 1973 Constitution's governance?
What was one of the key powers of the President during the 1973 Constitution's governance?
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Which system was in place to handle judicial matters during the Japanese occupation?
Which system was in place to handle judicial matters during the Japanese occupation?
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Study Notes
1897 Constitution (Biak-na-Bato Constitution)
- Adopted on November 1, 1897, during the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.
- This was a revolutionary constitution that aimed to guide the revolutionary government during this period.
- Established a republic with a President (Emilio Aguinaldo) holding executive power.
- Legislative power was vested in a Supreme Council composed of four departments: Interior, Foreign Affairs, Treasury, and War.
- Highlighted democratic ideals, emphasizing independence and self-governance.
- Included a Bill of Rights promoting civil liberties like equality before the law, freedom of speech, and the right to assembly.
- This constitution had limited adoption within revolutionary territories and was short-lived, replaced by the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
1899 Constitution (Malolos Constitution)
- Adopted on January 21, 1899, as the first official republican constitution of the Philippines.
- Established a republican government with a parliamentary system.
- Introduced the separation of powers, with distinct Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches.
- Legislative power was vested in a unicameral National Assembly, with members elected by popular vote.
- Executive power was vested in the President, with a four-year term. The President was the head of state and government, with significant executive powers.
- Established an independent judiciary, separate from political influence.
- This constitution included a Bill of Rights ensuring civil liberties such as freedom of speech, religion, and assembly.
- It promoted a national language (although Spanish remained the official language).
- Declared popular sovereignty, emphasizing that power resides in the people.
- The constitution was a significant declaration of Philippine independence from both Spain and the United States.
- It was eventually dissolved after the First Philippine Republic fell to US forces during the Philippine-American War.
1935 Constitution
- Approved on February 8, 1935, and ratified on May 14, 1935, this constitution established the framework for the Commonwealth of the Philippines under US sovereignty.
- Established a presidential republic with a bicameral legislature, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
- The President, elected for a six-year term initially (amended to two four-year terms in 1940), held executive power.
- The President had strong powers, including control over the military.
- It enshrined civil liberties in a Bill of Rights, protecting life, liberty, and property.
- It included a system for amending the constitution.
- Served as the basis for the establishment of the independent Republic of the Philippines in 1946.
- Introduced women's suffrage through an amendment in 1937.
1943 Constitution (Japanese-sponsored Constitution)
- Approved on September 4, 1943, during the Japanese occupation.
- It was a "puppet" constitution under the Japanese-sponsored government, with limited sovereignty under Japanese control.
- Established a republic with the President (Jose P. Laurel) holding executive power, though with limited independence given Japanese control.
- No provision was made for a Vice President.
- It established a unicameral National Assembly.
- Courts existed but under Japanese supervision and control, with limited judicial independence.
- This constitution did not include a Bill of Rights, instead focusing on aligning the Philippines with Japan's wartime goals.
- The constitution was temporary and ended with Japan's defeat and restoration of the 1935 constitution in 1945.
- It was not recognized as legitimate by many Filipinos due to its imposed nature during the occupation.
1973 Constitution
- Ratified on January 17, 1973, during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, this constitution was implemented during the Marcos regime's Martial Law period.
- It transitioned the government from a Presidential to a Parliamentary system.
- Established a Prime Minister as the head of government, though executive power was still largely concentrated in the hands of President Marcos.
- The President still held significant power, particularly under Martial Law.
- Replaced the bicameral Congress with a unicameral Batasang Pambansa.
- Retained a Bill of Rights, though it was largely ignored during Martial Law.
- Included provisions that allowed the President to declare Martial Law in cases of invasion, rebellion, or when public safety was endangered.
- It allowed for constitutional amendments through a referendum, which was often manipulated during the Marcos era.
- Marcos used this constitution to legitimize his authoritarian rule.
- The constitution's ratification was marred by controversies, including allegations of manipulation during the plebiscite process.
- It was replaced by the 1987 Constitution after the People Power Revolution that ousted Marcos.
Salient Features:
1897 Constitution (Biak-na-Bato Constitution)
- The President headed the executive branch, with broad executive powers and control over the revolutionary army.
- The Supreme Council had legislative functions, divided into departments such as Interior, Foreign Affairs, Treasury, and War.
- Courts were established under this constitution, but their structure and functions were less defined due to the ongoing revolution and unstable conditions.
1899 Constitution (Malolos Constitution)
- Emilio Aguinaldo served as the President of the First Philippine Republic for a four-year term, holding significant executive power.
- Legislative power rested with the unicameral National Assembly (Malolos Congress), with members elected by popular vote; this body enacted laws, approved budgets, and ratified treaties.
- An independent Supreme Court and lower courts were established, with judges appointed by the National Assembly and shielded from political pressure.
1935 Constitution
- The President served as the head of both state and government, initially for a six-year term (later amended to two four-year terms in 1940).
- The President held robust executive powers, controlling the military and having the ability to veto legislation.
- The bicameral Congress consisted of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate had nationwide representation with six-year terms, while the House of Representatives consisted of members elected by legislative districts and served three-year terms.
- The judiciary, led by the Supreme Court, was independent, with Supreme Court justices appointed by the President but not removable at will. The judiciary had the power to interpret laws and decide constitutional issues.
1943 Constitution (Japanese-sponsored Constitution)
- Jose P. Laurel served as the President, acting as the head of state, under Japanese control.
- The government did not include a Vice President.
- A unicameral National Assembly operated, but members were selected by the Japanese-controlled government.
- While a judicial system was in place, including a Supreme Court, the judiciary's independence was limited, functioning under the authority of the Japanese military.
1973 Constitution
- While the Prime Minister led the government, executive power largely resided with President Ferdinand Marcos.
- The President retained considerable power, especially during Martial Law. They had the ability to dissolve the legislature, declare Martial Law, and issue decrees with the force of law.
- The unicameral Batasang Pambansa replaced the bicameral Congress, but legislative independence was diminished due to many members being allied with Marcos.
- Although the Judiciary was theoretically independent, President Marcos undermined its independence, especially during Martial Law, influencing judicial appointments and decisions.
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Description
Explore the significance of the Biak-na-Bato Constitution of 1897 and the Malolos Constitution of 1899 during the Philippine Revolution. Learn about their democratic ideals, structures, and their roles in shaping the Filipino republic. Delve into the key features and historical context of these important documents.
