Philippine Constitution Overview and Agrarian Reform

The Hare-Hawes Cutting Act promised the Philippines independence after a 10-year transition period but reserved military and naval bases for the US and imposed tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports.

The Tydings-McDuffie Act, also known as the Philippine Independence Act, aimed to grant independence to the Philippines on July 4, 1946.

The Drafting of the 1935 Constitution for the Philippines began on July 10, 1934.

<p>The 1935 Constitution, also known as the Commonwealth Constitution, granted the Philippines its Independence, established national territory, and established the branches of government: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphasized the importance of a bicameral Congress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To abolish the 1973 Constitution and restore democracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strengthened the power of the President to declare martial law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Preamble of the 1987 Constitution states the guiding principles as: establishing a government that embodies Filipino ideals, promoting general welfare, conserving and developing national patrimony, ensuring democracy, and securing justice, peace, liberty, and equality for all Filipinos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agrarian Reform refers to a broad improvement not only on land ownership but also on agrarian systems and processes that aim to address the unequal distribution of land and improve the lives of farmers through a combination of economic, social, and cultural programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focusing on land ownership and ignoring social and cultural improvements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The legal basis for Agrarian Reform in the Philippines stems from constitutional provisions that promote social justice and comprehensive rural development, along with specific laws that address land ownership, tenancy rights, and distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Maragtas Code, although believed to be written in 1250 AD, holds significance as it is one of the earliest documented transactions of land sale in the Philippines, particularly concerning the selling of the Panay Island to the Bornean datus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The system was intended to promote economic development for the natives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Bandala System aimed to force farmers to sell their produce to the government at predetermined prices, often receiving promissory notes instead of cash, which further exploited them and perpetuated their dependence on the Spanish colonial government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local Government Officials</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Royal Decree mandated all landowners to register their land titles, a step towards consolidating Spanish control over land ownership and creating a more systematic system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Maura Law aimed to prevent the declaration of agricultural land as government property by requiring farmers and landholders to register their lands within a year. Those who failed to do so could face confiscation of their land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Philippine Bill of 1902 granted equal rights to American and Filipino citizens including the right to vote. It also aimed to regulate the amount of land that individuals and corporations could acquire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agricultural Tenancy Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>President Manuel Roxas focused on a pro-American and anti-communist foreign policy, while also establishing a two-party system with the Nationalista Party and the Liberal Party. He implemented a General Amnesty program, which aimed to reinstate individuals who were previously involved in anti-Japanese resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>President Elpidio Quirino's administration was characterized by his attempts to address social welfare issues by conducting 'Fireside Chats' to directly communicate with the people and establishing the Presidents' Action Committee on Social Amelioration to help the needy. He responded to communist uprisings and sought to stabilize the economic situation by establishing rural banks to enhance credit access in rural areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>President Ramon Magsaysay is known for successfully combating the communist Hukbalahap movement, earned recognition for his social justice and democracy-promoting efforts, and played a pivotal role in strengthening the relationship between the government and the Filipino people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He actively promoted communism and expanded the influence of leftist ideologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'Filipino First Policy' aimed to encourage Filipino businessmen to participate in both domestic and foreign trade. It was a policy designed to strengthen the domestic economy, promote local businesses, and foster Filipino entrepreneurship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>President Ferdinand Marcos is known for his massive infrastructure program that involved building roads, bridges, irrigation systems, schools, houses, and other public works projects. He also implemented a series of economic development programs to improve the lives of the people, including tax reforms to boost government revenue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>President Corazon Aquino faced challenges related to reviving democracy after the Marcos era and promoting national healing, as well as addressing the economic crisis and rebuilding national infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>President Fidel V. Ramos made significant efforts to improve the economy, particularly by addressing the energy crisis and creating a more stable and welcoming environment for economic growth. His administration focused on developing strong foreign policy, which resulted in positive diplomatic gains for the Philippines, and navigating a tumultuous period of economic hardship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>President Joseph Ejercito Estrada's administration faced allegations of corruption, bribery, and graft, leading to his eventual impeachment and removal from office.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's administration faced criticism for its handling of corruption allegations and faced challenges due to the legitimacy of her presidency being questioned by some quarters. She also had to respond to a political climate marked by instability and unrest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary purpose of taxation is to generate revenue to support government functions, thereby enabling it to fulfill its responsibilities to its citizens such as providing public services, infrastructure, and maintaining law and order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Police Power</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key principle of Eminent Domain is that the government has the right to expropriate private property for public use with 'just compensation'. This means that the owner of the property must be fairly compensated for the acquisition of their property.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunity from Taxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tax is a required and unavoidable financial obligation imposed on individuals or entities by a sovereign government based on a specific rule or regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contribution in Kind</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tax shifting occurs when the burden of a tax is transferred from the original payer (typically the person or entity legally responsible for the tax) to someone else. For example, a tax on gasoline can lead to increased prices for consumers, effectively shifting the burden of the tax to the consumer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tax capitalization happens when the burden of future taxes is factored into the current market price of an asset. For instance, if a property tax is imposed on land, its current market value may be reduced to reflect the future tax burden, as potential buyers will factor the cost of future taxes into their purchase decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tax evasion involves illegally attempting to avoid paying taxes, often using false information or deceptive practices. Tax avoidance, on the other hand, involves using legal methods such as deductions and credits to reduce one's tax liability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fiscal Taxes are primarily designed to raise revenue for the government to support essential public services and fulfill its broader responsibilities. They serve as the primary source of funding for government operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulatory Taxes are intended to achieve social or economic policy objectives, not necessarily to rake in revenue for the government. They are often used to encourage certain behaviors, discourage others, or to protect specific industries or sectors of the economy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal Tax</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct taxes are paid by the same individual or entity who ultimately bears the burden of the tax, for example, income tax. Indirect taxes are levied on one person or entity but are often shifted to another, like a sales tax, which is initially paid by the seller but is passed along to the consumer in the form of higher prices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ad valorem taxes are based on the assessed value of a property, with the tax rate applied to that assessed value. For instance, property taxes levied by local governments often use an ad valorem system, where the tax owed is calculated based on the property's assessed worth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progressive Tax</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Train Law aims to improve the tax system by promoting sustainable and inclusive economic growth, providing tax relief to a wider range of taxpayers, and ultimately ensuring that the government has the necessary resources to fund essential public services and address the needs of the Filipino people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase environmental protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers