Philippine Civil Code on Obligations

Creditor's Right to Fruits

• A creditor has the right to the fruits of the thing from the time the obligation to deliver it arises.
• However, the creditor acquires no real right over it until the thing has been delivered to them.

Delivery of Determinate or Indeterminate Things

• If the thing to be delivered is determinate, the creditor can compel the debtor to make the delivery.
• If the thing is indeterminate or generic, the creditor can ask that the obligation be complied with at the expense of the debtor.

Accessions and Accessories

• The obligation to give a determinate thing includes delivering all its accessions and accessories.

Failure to Comply with Obligations

• If a person obliged to do something fails to do it, the same shall be executed at their cost.
• If the obligor does it in contravention of the tenor of the obligation, it may be decreed that what has been poorly done be undone.

Delay in Compliance

• Those obliged to deliver or to do something incur delay from the time the obligee judicially or extrajudicially demands fulfillment of their obligation.
• However, demand by the creditor is not necessary in certain situations, such as when the obligation or law declares it or when demand would be useless.

Liability for Damages

• Those guilty of fraud, negligence, or delay, and those who contravene the tenor of their obligation, are liable for damages.

Definition and Sources of Obligations

• An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do, or not to do.
• Obligations arise from law, contracts, quasi-contracts, acts or omissions punished by law, and quasi-delicts.

Regulation of Obligations

• Obligations derived from law are not presumed and are regulated by the law that establishes them.
• Obligations arising from contracts have the force of law between the contracting parties and should be complied with in good faith.
• Obligations derived from quasi-contracts and quasi-delicts are governed by specific provisions and laws.

Care of Things

• A person obliged to give something is also obliged to take care of it with the proper diligence of a good father of a family, unless the law or stipulation of the parties requires another standard of care.