Introduction to Obligations - Philippines Civil Code
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Questions and Answers

What is a defining characteristic of a civil obligation?

  • It grants the obligee the right to legal enforcement. (correct)
  • It is based solely on moral principles.
  • It can only be enforced through informal agreements.
  • It is not recognized by the court.

According to the provided text, what is the core concept of obligation?

  • A voluntary act with no legal implications
  • A juridical necessity to give, to do, or not to do (correct)
  • A moral duty agreed upon by parties
  • A suggestion based on ethical ideals

What distinguishes a natural obligation from a civil obligation?

  • There is no distinction, both are enforceable by law.
  • A natural obligation is based on equity and conscience, whereas a civil obligation is enforceable by legal action. (correct)
  • A natural obligation has a stronger legal basis than a civil obligation.
  • A natural obligation is enforceable by law, while a civil obligation is not.

Which of the following best describes the legal effect of an obligation?

<p>It creates a right for one party to demand fulfillment from another (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, what is the source of the definition of obligation in the Philippines?

<p>The Civil Code of the Philippines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a promissory note's collection time expires according to the statute of limitations (prescription)?

<p>The civil obligation is extinguished, but a natural obligation to pay may still exist. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person violates an obligation, what may be the consequence according to the text?

<p>It may become the basis of legal action. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an element of the definition of 'obligation'?

<p>A voluntary agreement between parties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a natural obligation?

<p>It is based on equity and natural law and not enforceable in courts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the conduct of a debtor which may consist of giving, doing, or not doing something?

<p>Prestation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requisite of a valid prestation?

<p>It must be vague and undefined. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of obligation is an agreement where both parties are reciprocally bound, such as a purchase and sale agreement?

<p>Bilateral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is considered a primary classification of obligation under the New Civil Code?

<p>Joint obligation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what source of obligation do the obligations of spouses to support each other typically fall?

<p>Law (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the legal term for the meeting of minds between two persons which legally binds them to each other?

<p>Contract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a quasi-contract, when compared with a delict?

<p>It is voluntary and lawful act. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of obligations, what does 'vinculum juris' refer to?

<p>The legal tie or bond that connects the parties to the obligation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a civil obligation from a natural obligation?

<p>Civil obligations are enforceable in courts, while natural obligations are not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of obligation arises from the commission of a crime or offense?

<p>Penal obligation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a consensual contract?

<p>It is perfected by mere consent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, what should happen if there is a conflict between the Civil Code and a special law?

<p>The special law always prevails unless otherwise stipulated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are obligations derived from law typically defined as?

<p>Only those expressly determined (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a contract's terms are clear and unambiguous, how should they be interpreted?

<p>Applied in their literal meaning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a small community, when a majority decides on a protective measure, what is the obligation of a resident who initially objects but benefits from the project?

<p>They are liable to pay their share of the expenses despite their initial objection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a quasi-contract from a contract?

<p>Quasi-contracts lack a meeting of minds between the parties, while contracts require it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the legal basis for the consent in quasi-contracts, when no express consent exists?

<p>Presumptive consent provided by law. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary definition of a quasi-delict?

<p>The fault or negligence of a person causing damage to another independent of any contractual relation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best equivalent term of 'quasi-delict'?

<p>Tort (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Civil Code, when can a plaintiff NOT recover damages?

<p>When the plaintiff's own negligence was the immediate and proximate cause of the injury. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best description of the term 'proximate cause'?

<p>That cause which, in a natural sequence, produces the injury, unbroken by any intervening cause. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, who can be held liable for damages caused by a minor?

<p>The father (or mother in case of death or incapacity), and guardians if the minor lives in their company. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for damages caused by an employee in the service of a business?

<p>The business owner or manager if the act is in service of the business. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what specific condition is the State responsible for damages?

<p>When the State acts through a special agent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does the responsibility of persons mentioned in Article 2180 of the Civil Code cease?

<p>When they prove that they observed all the diligence of a good father of a family to prevent the damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requisite for liability under quasi-delict?

<p>The existence of a contractual agreement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies a quasi-contractual situation?

<p>A person is obliged to return money they were mistakenly given. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a plaintiffs negligence is only contributory in a quasi-delict case?

<p>The plaintiff may recover damages, but the courts have to mitigate the damages to be awarded. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what specific condition are teachers or heads of establishments liable for their students' actions?

<p>So long as their pupils and students or apprentices remain in their custody. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, an individual who is exempt from criminal liability under Article 12 of the Revised Penal Code is:

<p>Still liable to indemnify for damages caused, due to lack of justification to inflict harm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing factor that categorizes an act of fault or negligence as a quasi-delict under the Civil Code?

<p>The lack of any pre-existing contractual relationship between the parties involved. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, in what scenario can tort liability exist despite contractual relations?

<p>When the tort liability arises from facts independent of the existing contract. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core characteristic of ‘negotiorum gestio’ as a quasi-contract?

<p>It involves the intentional management of another's business or property without formal authorization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main requirement for a situation to be considered ‘solutio indebiti’?

<p>Payment or property delivered when there is no legal right to demand it, and done by mistake. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person receives something not due to them (solutio indebiti), what obligation arises?

<p>They are obligated to return the property or money received. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of ‘solutio indebiti,’ what is the liability of multiple payees?

<p>They are solidarily liable for the obligation to return the payment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the quasi-contract provisions, when a third party provides support to an individual without the knowledge of those with obligation to support, what right does this third party have?

<p>They have the right to claim reimbursement from those obligated to support. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When would a third person be entitled to reimbursement for funeral expenses, according to the content?

<p>When the expenses were borne by a third person without knowledge of relatives obliged to give support. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the quasi-contract provisions, when the government undertakes necessary safety work on a person’s property due to noncompliance, the property owner is:

<p>Liable for the cost of expenses even if it was over their objections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition does a person have to pay for services if they are treated during an accident or illness?

<p>If they were in a condition to consent to a contract for the treatment or help, unless rendered out of generosity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the legal implication when during a calamity property is saved by one person without the knowledge of the owner?

<p>The rescuer is entitled to just compensation from the owner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the rights of a person who pays the debt of another without the debtor's knowledge in the context of quasi-contracts?

<p>Their rights are governed by articles 1236 and 1237, which refer to payment by a third party. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for negotiorum gestio to be considered valid?

<p>The manager must act voluntarily and with good faith. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the owner becomes aware of someone managing their affairs through negotiorum gestio and does not object?

<p>The quasi-contract transforms into an implied agency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is an obligation?

A legal obligation to give, to do, or not to do something. This obligation is legally enforceable and can be brought to court.

What is the law of obligations?

The body of law that governs obligations, sources, kinds, effects, and extinguishment.

What is a civil obligation?

An obligation that can be enforced in court. It holds legal weight and grants the creditor the right to claim fulfillment from the debtor.

What is a natural obligation?

An obligation that cannot be enforced in court but is based on conscience and natural law. There is no legal remedy for breach.

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Who is the obligee or creditor?

The person who is entitled to receive a prestation (giving, doing, or not doing) under an obligation.

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Who is the obligor or debtor?

The person who is bound to fulfill a prestation (giving, doing, or not doing) under an obligation.

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What is the essence of an obligation?

A legal relation or bond established between two parties where one is obligated to perform a specific act for the other.

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What is a prestation?

The action or inaction that is the subject of an obligation, which the obligor is legally bound to perform for the obligee.

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Civil Obligation

An obligation based on positive law, like written rules and regulations, and is enforceable in courts.

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Natural Obligation

An obligation based on natural law, like fairness and morality, and is not enforceable in courts.

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Juridical Necessity

The legal consequence of failing to fulfill an obligation. It can involve penalties or punishments.

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Prestation

The specific action, duty, or conduct that a debtor is required to perform, which can involve giving something, doing something, or refraining from doing something.

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Active Subject (Obligee, Creditor)

The person who has the right to demand the fulfillment of an obligation.

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Passive Subject (Obligor, Debtor)

The person who is legally obligated to perform the prestation.

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Juridical Tie or Vinculum Juris

The legal bond that connects the obligor and obligee, and is created by a legal source, like a contract, law, or crime.

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Prestation

The specific action, duty, or conduct that a debtor is required to perform, which can involve giving something, doing something, or refraining from doing something.

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Physically and Juridically Possible

The prestation must be physically possible to perform and legally allowed.

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Determinate or Determinable

Clear and definite, even if the details are determined later.

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Within the Commerce of Man

It must be something recognized and traded within a society.

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Licit

The prestation must be legal and ethical.

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Possible Equivalent in Money

There is a way to convert the prestation into a monetary value, usually in the form of compensation or damages.

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Pure Obligation

An obligation that is immediately enforceable, with no conditions to be fulfilled.

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Conditional Obligation

An obligation that depends on a future and uncertain event. It may or may not be fulfilled.

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Quasi-Contract

A legal concept where one party is obligated to pay for the benefits they received, even without their consent, as a result of the actions of another party. This arises when a community takes action for common benefit, and those who refuse to contribute but still benefit from the action are held liable.

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Quasi-Delict

A type of legal obligation that arises from wrongful acts or omissions that cause damage to another person, outside of any contract or criminal offense. It is essentially the same as "tort."

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Proximate Cause

The immediate and direct cause that produces the injury, without which the injury would not have occurred. This links a negligent act to the resulting damage.

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Negligence as Proximate Cause

This principle states that if a plaintiff's own negligence directly contributed to their injury, they cannot recover damages. However, if only partially responsible, the court can reduce the compensation awarded.

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Parental Responsibility for Children's Actions

Parents are responsible for damages caused by their minor children who live with them.

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Guardian's Liability

Guardians are liable for damages caused by those under their care, including minors and incapacitated individuals.

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Employer Liability for Employees

Owners and managers of businesses are responsible for any damage caused by their employees during work or while carrying out company duties.

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General Employer Liability

Employers are liable for damages caused by their employees and household helpers acting within their scope of assigned tasks, even if the employer doesn't own a business.

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State Liability

The State is responsible for damages caused by its special agents, but not those caused by officials acting in their official capacity.

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Teacher Liability for Students

Teachers or heads of institutions are liable for damages caused by their students or apprentices while under their care.

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Fault or Negligence

The fault or negligence of the defendant.

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Damage Suffered

The damage suffered or incurred by the plaintiff.

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Cause and Effect Relationship

The causal link between the defendant's fault and the damage suffered by the plaintiff.

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Right to Compensation

The plaintiff's right to compensation for the damages they suffered.

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Due Diligence

A legal principle that states that even if the defendant's fault is proven, they may not be liable if they can prove that they took all reasonable steps to prevent the damage.

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Negotiorum Gestio

A situation where someone voluntarily manages another's property without authorization, obliging them to continue until the owner can take over or is substituted.

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Solutio Indebiti

An obligation to return something that was received without due cause. Essentially, you're obligated to return something you received by accident or mistake.

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Quasi-Delict (Quasi Ex-Delicto)

A legal concept where someone causing damage to another, through fault or negligence, must pay for the damage, even if there's no existing contract between them.

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Payment Not Due

A legal term for a situation where someone receives something they're not entitled to, forcing them to return it. It's a type of quasi-contract.

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Support Given by Strangers

A legal concept involving a third party offering support without the knowledge of those obligated to provide it. The third party can later seek reimbursement from the obligated party.

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Refusal to Give Support

A situation where a person wrongfully refuses to provide support to a dependent, allowing a third party to step in and provide support. The third party can then demand reimbursement.

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Property Saved in an Emergency

A legal concept where, in an emergency like a fire, someone helps save property without the owner's knowledge, the owner is obligated to pay compensation.

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Services Rendered in Emergency

A legal concept where a person is liable to pay for services provided to them during an accident, illness, or emergency when they are not able to consent to a contract.

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Government Enforcement of Regulations

A legal concept where the government can take action to enforce health or safety regulations on a property owner's behalf, even against their wishes, with the owner responsible for the costs.

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Commingled Movables

A legal concept where property belonging to multiple people is unintentionally mixed or combined, resulting in co-ownership rules applying to the mingled property.

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Finder of Lost Property

A legal concept where an individual who finds lost personal property has specific rights and obligations. These are outlined in the Civil Code.

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Possessor in Good Faith

A legal concept where someone who possess property in good faith has the right to be reimbursed for necessary and useful expenses incurred while maintaining the property.

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Debt Payment by Third Party

A legal concept where a third person pays off someone else's debt without the debtor's knowledge. The third party then has certain rights, including potential reimbursement, as outlined in the Civil Code.

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Exemption from Liability

A legal concept where the exemption from criminal liability does not exempt someone from having to compensate for damages they caused, even if they had legal justification for their actions.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Obligations

  • Obligations are a body of rules defining the nature, sources, types, and effects of obligations, plus their extinguishment, per the Philippines' Civil Code.
  • This module introduces core obligation principles, including case applications related to business.
  • Learning aims to heighten student understanding through case studies applying obligation theories.

General Concepts of Obligations

  • Definition: A juridical necessity to act (give, do, or not do) creating a legal relation where one party compels another to fulfill a demandable prestation.
  • Civil Obligation: Legally enforceable, allowing the obligee to seek court action against the obligor. Defined under Article 1156 of the Civil Code.
  • Natural Obligation: Not legally enforceable, but binding in conscience and natural law. If a civil obligation's legal time limit (e.g., statute of limitations) passes, it can still exist as a natural obligation.
  • Juridical Necessity: Breach leads to legal sanctions.
  • Prestation: The debtor's required conduct (giving, doing, or not doing). Not the thing itself.

Requisites of Obligations

  • Active Subject (Obligee/Creditor): The party who demands fulfillment.
  • Passive Subject (Obligor/Debtor): The party obliged to fulfill the prestation.
  • Juridical Tie (Vinculum Juris): The cause establishing the obligor-obligee relationship from bilateral or unilateral acts.
  • Prestation/Object: The debtor's act involving giving, doing, or not doing.
    • Requisite elements for valid prestation: physically/legally possible; ascertainable/determinable; within commercial purview; lawful; and convertible to a monetary equivalent.

Primary Classifications of Obligations

  • Pure and Conditional: (Article 1179-1192) Pure obligations are immediate; conditional obligations depend on a future or uncertain event.
  • With a Period or Term: (Article 1193-1198) Obligations with a specific date of performance.
  • Alternative and Facultative: (Article 1199-1206) Alternative permits choice among several prestations; facultative has one principal prestation with substitute option.
  • Joint and Solidary: (Article 1207-1222). Joint obligors act separately in proportion to the share; solidarity obligors can be sued as a singular entity.
  • Divisible and Indivisible: (Article 1223-1225) Divisible obligations can be separated; indivisible obligations cannot.
  • With a Penal Clause: (Article 1226-1230) A penalty for non-performance.

Secondary Classifications of Obligations

  • Legal: Arise from law.
  • Conventional: Arise from contracts.
  • Penal: Arise from criminal acts.
  • Real/Personal: Real obligations involve things while personal involve acts or services.
  • Determinate/Generic: Determinate refers to specific things; generic refers to an item from a class.
  • Positive/Negative: Positive are actions; negative are refraining from actions..
  • Unilateral/Bilateral (Synallagmatic): Unilateral has one-sided obligations; bilateral has reciprocal obligations.

Sources of Obligations

  • Law (Ex-Lege): Obligations imposed by law; not presumed, explicitly defined.
  • Contracts (Ex-Contractu): Agreements between parties with the force of law. Contracts are perfected through consent.
  • Quasi-Contracts (Quasi Ex-Contractual): Voluntary acts creating juridical relations where neither party is wrongly enriched.
  • Delict(Ex-Delictu): Civil liability arising from a crime (criminal offense). Criminal liability often implies civil liability, though some exceptions exist.
  • Quasi-Delict (Quasi Ex-Delicto): Civil liability for damages caused by negligence or fault in the absence of a contract.

Solutio Indebiti and Negotiorum Gestio

  • Solutio Indebiti: Payment of something to which there's no right to claim, through mistake. Obligation to return arises.
  • Negotiorum Gestio: Voluntary management of another's property without authority. The manager is bound to continue until the end or offer a substitute if possible. Applies while the owner is unaware and doesn't repudiate.

Quasi-Contracts (Other)

  • There are additional quasi-contractual obligations (Articles 2164-2175). Examples include support obligations, unexpected expenses, or property saved from calamity.

Proximate Cause in Quasi-Delicts

  • Quasi-Delict: Negligence causing damage in the absence of a pre-existing contract. Equivalent to "tort."
  • Proximate Cause: The direct cause of an injury, establishing a natural sequence unbroken by any intervening cause. Determined through logic, common sense, policy, and precedent, per legal case decisions.
  • Different individuals and entities may have liability depending on the circumstances leading to the damage (i.e., parents, guardians, businesses, the state, etc.).

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Description

Explore the fundamental principles of obligations as defined in the Philippines' Civil Code. This module covers the types, sources, and effects of obligations, as well as case applications related to business. Gain insights through case studies that enhance your understanding of obligation theories.

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