Philippine Art History

• Art is a form of human expression that conveys ideas, emotions, or a sense of beauty.

History of Art

• Art began in the Stone Age when Homo sapiens recorded daily life by drawing on cave walls.
• The oldest discovered art dates back approximately 40,000 years.

History of Philippine Art

• Ethnic Art
• Islamic Art
• Spanish Era
• American Era
• Japanese Era
• Modern Era
• Contemporary Era

Ethnic Era (Pre-13 AD)

• Art played an integral role in rituals and everyday life, transcending mere craft.
• Body painting and adornment were common in painting.
• Sculpture involved carving, woodwork, and metalwork.
• Architecture included worship areas, mosques, dwellings, and houses.

Islamic Art (13 AD)

• Geometric designs and patterns aimed to focus believers.

Spanish Era (1521-1898)

• Art was heavily influenced by faith and catechism.
• Religion was a main theme in painting, but secular portraiture also occurred.
• Religious, metalwork were common sculptures.
• Churches, plaza, plaza complexes, lighthouses, and private houses were important architectural elements.

American Era (1898-1940)

• Secular forms of art became popular.
• Painting focused on landscape, portraiture, and still life.
• Free-standing and public sculpture became popular.
• Architecture included parks, apartments, health & public education, and government structures

Japanese Era (1941-1945)

• Filipinos experienced reduced freedom of speech and expression, hampering art development.
• Wartime scenes, nationalism, aggression, propaganda, and indigenous works were common.
• Public works and sculptures were common sculpture.
• Public works were common architecture.

Modern Era (1946-1969)

• Artists aimed to portray subjects from their unique perspectives, rejecting traditional styles and values.
• Style became more important than substance.
• Independence was granted after World War II

Comtemporary Era (1970-present)

• Challenges traditional boundaries and defies easy classification.
• Embraces diversity without a uniform organizing principle or ideology.
• Favors substance over style, with social realism as a key element.

Functions of Contemporary Art

• Contemporary art dates from the 1970s to the present.
• "Con" means "together" or "with" and "tempus" means time

Defined by its Functions

• Pleasure
• Profession
• Commentary tool for communication
• Spirituality
• Remembrance
• Persuasion
• Self-expression

History of Contemporary Art in the Philippines

• Arts reflect Philippine history and society
• Developed and accumulated from the birth of civilization to the present

Philippine Art

• Mimetic arts imitate animal movements and sounds.
• Ritualistic arts reflect Filipino responses to nature and beliefs.
• Islamic art is interwoven into southern society.

Spanish Colonization

• Arts were influenced by the demands of the Catholic Church.
• Catholic influence aimed to spread Catholicism.
• Western art styles were integrated by Filipino artists.
• Nationalistic art aimed to show the Spaniards' abuses and ignite nationalism.

American Colonization

• Philippine art aimed to indoctrinate Filipinos with the American way of life.
• Education played an important role in establishing art schools.

Japanese Colonization

• Asian nationalism was promoted during World War II.
• Rejection of Western tradition led to the emergence of Filipino culture.

Expanding Forms of Art and International Exposure

• Tension between conservatives and modernists led to art development.
• The Mabini Art Movement and Amorsolo School saw the emergence of cheap art.
• New visual art approaches were inspired by cubism, neorealism, symbolism, and conceptual art.

The Role and Image of the Filipina

• Nena Saguil, a feminist, established organizations for women writers and artists.

Martial Law and the Arts of Resistance

• Resistance to the dictatorship was expressed through art.

Manila Sound

• Characterized by light beats and light-hearted lyrics in Taglish and Western-inspired music.

EDSA and the Aesthetics of Revolution

• Philippine art started a new era of expression and experimentation after its revolution.
• New concepts were inspired by technology, global economics and greater freedom.

L4: Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA)

• Also known as "National Living Treasures Award"
• Created by the NCCA to preserve Filipino indigenous crafts and traditions
• The search started in 1988 and the formal launching was on 1989
• Administered the award on April 1992 by Pres. Proclamation No. 1001
• Was institutionalized by RA. No. 7355

Indigenous People

• The most faithful stewards of the earth's natural resources.

The Living Treasures

• Lang Dulay is a T'boli weaver of t'nalak from South Cotabato.
• Haja Amina Appi is a Sama mat (tepo) weaver from Tawi-Tawi.
• Alonzo Saclag is a master of music and performing arts from Kalinga.

Nomination Guidelines

• Must be a Filipino citizen.
• Must contribute to nationhood.
• Must have pioneered creative expression.
• Must have created an excellent body of work.
• Must have broad recognition both nationally and internationally.

Nat'l Artists for Architecture

• Pablo S. Antonio
• Juan F. Nakpil
• Ildefonso P. Santos Jr.

Literature

• Virgilio S. Almario
• Amado V. Hernandez
• Nick Joaquin
• Carlos P. Romulo
• Jose Garcia Villa

Visual Arts

• Fernando C. Amorsolo
• Vicente S. Manansala
• Hernando R. Ocampo
• Gulliermo E. Tolentino

Cinema

• Lino Brocka
• Manuel Conde
• Gerardo "Gerry" de Leon
• Ronald Allan K. Poe

Dance

• Alice Reyes

Music

• Levi Celerio
• Lucrecia R. Kasilag

L7: Contemporary Philippine Visual Arts

• Medium based classification of art forms
• Creation of material art passed on from one generation to the next.

Studio Arts

• Production of visual arts consisting of painting, sculpture, graphic, and plastic arts.
• Emphasis on meaning, originality, and uniqueness of expression.

National Capital Region

• Geometric structures and shapes from a multiplicity of angles.
• Hyperrealism becomes magical realism.
• Social Realism shows awareness of conflict arising from oppressive conditions.
• Abstract Art promotes pure beauty.

Conceptual Art Movement

• The "Father of Philippine Conceptual Art" is Roberto Chabet (1837-2013)

Mediums

• Poterry, Painting
• Sculpture
• Graphic Arts

Luzon

• Creates an illusion of movement, flashing, and vibrating patterns.

Notable Weaver

• Magdalena Gamayo for the binakul
• Bulul ancestral guardian of rice agriculture and Cordilleran health

Visayas

• A traditional plaid textile woven in Antique, Iloilo, and Negros Occidental is the patadyong.

Other Arts

• There's also bukog portrays working Visayan women

Mindanao

• The ukkil/okir means serpent with leaf & vine patterns.

Types and Classifications of Contemporary Arts

• Allows artists to translate abstract thoughts, feelings, and experiences into physical form.
• Two-dimensional arts are on a flat surface.
• Three-dimensional arts work with volume and mass.

Categories of Art

• Fine Arts Western category of refined objects considered supreme.
• Popular Art - Product of popular culture.
• Craft - Has a utilitarian purpose.

Architecture

• The imaginative and creative blend of science and art in designing different environments for people
• Interior Design
• Landscape Architecture
• Urban Design

Influences On Architecture

• Building's practical requirements
• Current state of technical knowledge
• Cultural object with social and symbolic significance.
• Adapt to climatic conditions
• Support social needs

Architectural Typology

• Refers to the study and documentation of a set of buildings that have similarities in their form, usually associated with the building's particular uses.
• The buildings could be Domestic, Religious, Government, Recreational, Welfare and Educational.

Subject Classification in Art

• History, Religion, Mythology, Nature, Genre

Artistic Process

• Description, Analysis, Interpretation and Judgement

Pottery

• The oldest art form, created by gathering, pulverizing, and kneading clay with water for a smooth consistency
• Ceramics is a product of clay mixed with other elements.
• The 3 Pottery techinques are to use Free modelling, Hand-Construction, and a Potter's Wheel

Weaving

• A method of creating surfaces by entwining vertical (warp) and horizontal (weft) strands
• Palapas are an ancient form of palm leaf.
• Basketry weavin pliant materials into casings.

Painting

• Applying pigment suspended in a binder onto a flat surface like paper, wood, or cloth
• Common paints Acrylic, oil paint, water color, tempera, enamel, and latex
• There are 3 Basic Categories of Paintmaking: Relief, Intaglia, and Planographic Process