Philippine Art History

• Art is the expression of human creativity and imagination, often in visual forms like painting or sculpture, appreciated for beauty or emotional impact.
• Art can serve as self-expression, therapy, aesthetics, inspiration, motivation, and awareness
• Contemporary art is produced by artists living today, emerging since 1960.
• Contemporary art is fluid, with its use varying depending on context
• Modern art, from 1880-1960, depicted what was considered "ugly" and unpleasant.
• Modern artists moved away from copying reality, instead changing colors and flattening the picture.
• Arturo Luz produced hard-edged, abstract minimalist paintings in the 90s-21st century
• Victorio Edades, the Father of Philippine Modern Art, initiated the modern art movement challenging the dominant Neoclassic style.
• An example of Edades' modern work is “Mora Girl, 1950”.

Neoclassical Art

• This depicts reality closely and idealizes it as beautiful and pastoral.
• Fernando Amorsolo's "The Palay Maiden, 1920” exemplifies Neoclassical art.
• The Neoclassic style creates illusions of depthness and is considered "academic" and still taught in schools.

Neo-realist

• Are considered heirs of Neo-realist.
• Contemporary art is influenced by Social Realism.
• Imelda Cajipe-Endaya is a social realist with a markedly different style and medium of installation

Characteristics of Contemporary art

• Site-specific art cannot be experienced in the same way if removed from its original place of exhibit.
• Process-based art integrates various mediums and art forms.
• Collaborative and Interactive art requires the audience's active input to be complete.
• Contemporary Art is different from Modern Art in historical, stylistic, and cultural terms.
• Contemporary art is dynamic and possesses various possibilities

Spanish Colonial Period: Lowland Christian Art & Architecture

• The Plaza Complex was the designed town center, including the municipio and church
• Cruciform Churches were built in the shape of the Latin cross.
• Baroque Style, characterized by grandeur and drama, intentionally appealed to emotions.
• San Agustin Church in Manila, built 1587-1606, is the oldest church in the Philippines.
• The Morong Church in Rizal, or St. Jerome Parish Church, is also known as "Morong Church".
• The Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte, completed in 1710, is also called the Saint Augustine Church.
• Colonial Baroque, Philippine or Tropical Baroque blended native and European elements
• Local features with thick buttresses made churches resistant to earthquakes

Sculpting

• Santos evolved from Western models, incorporating Chinese features, while retaining Greek and Roman influences.
• The Baroque style added expressive characteristics to the santos.
• Retablo combines architecture and sculpture with rosettes, scrolls, and gilded Solomonic columns.

Engraving

• Via Crucis is a series of 14 paintings depicting Christ's crucifixion resurrection
• Trompe l'oeil is that paintings give a heightened illusion of three-dimensionality.
• Plateria features organic designs of hammered silver.

Music

• Western musical instruments such as the pipe organ, violin and guitar were used.
• Catholic Liturgical Music was introduced in 1742.
• The Santo Domingo and San Agustin convents taught choral music.
• Pasyon or Pabasa narrates Christ's passion in improvised melody.
• Awit and Corrido are musical forms based on European Literature.
• Balitao are sentimental love songs

Literature

• Mangyans of Mindoro etched short poems of courtship on bamboo poles using Baybayin.
• A stone in Ticao Leyte contains baybayin believed to be an invocation for a safe journey by sea.
• "Doctrina Christiana" is considered the first book published in the Philippines.

Theater

• Processions replaced early forms of theater.
• Zarzuela is a popular musical theater from Spain that features singing, dancing, and prose dialogue.
• Senakulo is a narrative written in 1704 by Gaspar Aquino de Belen based biblical
• Komedya depicts the conflict between Muslims and Christians
• Secular Komedya, also known as Moro-moro, dramatizes battles between Muslims and Christians.
• Cariñosa is a graceful courtship dance using a fan
• Pandango is a lively dance with candles or lamps
• Polka is a fast-paced dance with European influence
• Dansa is a refined dance inspired by Spanish ballroom styles
• Rigodon is a formal quadrille dance for social events

Secular Art

• Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas (1734) was the first scientific map of the Philippines
• Flora de Filipinas is an extensive compilation of Philippine plants by Augustinian botanist Fr. Manuel Blanco.

Visual Art

• Heaven, Earth, and Hell is a mural by Jose Dans in Paete Church Laguna.
• There are two versions of San Cristobal with different depictions of St. Christopher.
• Basi Revolt Esteban Villanueva depicts the 1807 Ilocano uprising.
• The opening of Manila to international trade and the Suez Canal in 1869 brought economic benefits.
• Religious art persisted with Marcelo Adonay's compositions.
• Viriña is a bell-shaped glass where santos are placed.
• Urna is a retablo often for Visayan artists.

Painting

• The Miniaturist Style is meticulous and signifies wealth.
• Letras y Figuras combines names of individuals and vignettes of everyday life.
• Academic Paintings emphasize chiaroscuro to enhance drama.
• Damian Domingo founded the Academia de Dibujo in 1821.
• Juan Luna won gold at the Madrid Exposition for Spoliarium, and Felix Hidalgo won silver for Virgenes Christianas Expuestas al Populacho.
• España y Filipinas from the Lopez Museum. Genre Paintings depict of everyday people’s lives.

American Colonial to the Postwar Republic

• Sedition law banned materials advocating Philippine Independence.
• Drama Simboliko: One-act plays symbolize yearning for freedom.
• Vaudeville: A variety show featuring slapstick.

Architecture

• New Urban Design utilized Neoclassical architecture with parks to create city.
• Notable architects include Tomas Mapua and Juan Arellano.
• Landscape paintings became a travel souvenir
• Fabian Dela Rosa: A naturalist painter known for restraint
• Fernando Amorsolo: 1972 National Artist famous for depicting Philippine sunlight.
• Amorsolo School: Refers to artists influenced by Amorsolo's style.
• Victorio Edades: A National Artist influenced by the U.S. modern art movement.
• Guillermo Tolentino: 1973 National Artist influenced by classical tradition.
• Napoleon Abueva: A modern sculptor.

Japanese Occupation

• KALIBAPI: sponsored art competitions.
• Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: propaganda movement that sought to create a pan-Asia identity that rejected Western traditions.
• Amorsolo Paintings: Harvest Scene (1942) and Rice Planting (1942) remained peaceful.
• Sa Kabukiran: A hit Tagalog song by Sylvia La Torre.
• Genre Paintings: depict everyday life.
• Showed indigenous and pre-colonial traditions: indigenous Filipino cultures and traditions before colonial rule

70's Contemporary

• Marcoses : cultural projects ensued
• Under Martial Marcos: envisioned a New Society or Bagong Lipunan.
• Aspiration to modernization and development
• CCP Shrine for the Arts: Cultural Center of the Philippines

1970s in the Philippines

• Folk Arts Theater: Hosted the 1974 Miss Universe Pageant.
• Philippine International Convention Center (PICC): Was built for the 1976
• Tahanang Filipino or Coconut Palace: Built as a guest house for the Pope.
• Manila Film Center: Built for the Manila.

History of Philippine Art

• Pre-conquest: In art historical terms
• Art before Colonization: expressions and were integrated within rituals.
• Mayvanuvanua (Batanes): Ritual that opens the fishing season of dibang (flying fish)
• Cañao or Kanyaw : Officiated by a shaman.
• Kashawing Ritual to abundance Harvest

Native Dance Forms

• Pangalay : mimetic dance of seabirds
• Kinabua : performs swooping movements imitating the movements of eagle
• Banog-banog : courtship portrays the flight of the birds
• Man manok (Bago Tribe): dance that dramatizes three roosters competition.
• Talip : courtship dance mimicking the movements of wild fowls.
• Inamong : represent the comedic movements of monkey.
• Tinikling (Tagalog): evocative of crane balancing itself on stilt.

Art Before Colonization

• Bulul : granary god that plays important role in rituals
• Hagabi : wooden bench that marks the socio-economic status of owner
• Naga: has the form of dragon.
• Pako rabong: stylized growing fern
• Manunggul Jar: excavated dated to the late Neolithic.

Woven Textile

• Pis Syabit: A Tausug handwoven headscarf.
• Malong versatile tubular cloth
• Tepo Mat: Sama of Tawi-Tawi made of pandan leaves.
• Ovaloid Baskets: made of nito and bamboo.
• Bubo a fish trap.
• Tattoos : Visayas “Islas de los Pintados”
• Jewelry: The T'boli are known for wearing brass
• Brass Kendi and Gadur used.

Islamic Colonial (13th Century)

• Islam well entrenched in Southern Philippine.
• How art is influenced by Islam?
• Mosque interiors : evoke a sense of beauty, harmony, and transcendence, reflecting the divine order and.
• oriented toward the west
• Bulbous Dome: existence Octagonal base symbolizes
• Ka'bah shrine black. WUDU ablution of cleansing.
• canopy tree of life. Buraq horse.