Philippine Architecture Quiz

American Colonial Architecture

• Colonial infrastructure was built to improve public health and sanitation, focused on construction improvements.
• Filipino architects emerged.
• Local adaptations of the international Art Deco style were common.

Foreign Styles and Influences

• Colonial Revival Mission
• Neoclassicism
• City Beautiful Movement

Official Architectural Styles

• Colonial Revival Mission: Used clay roof tiles, adobe, concrete, stucco, gabled roofs, round arch entrances, arcades, corridors, and miradors (lookout towers).
• Neoclassicism: Revival of using Greek and Roman architectural orders as decorative motifs.

Buildings

• Capitol of Pangasinan: Supervised by Ralph Harrington Doane.
• Philippine General Hospital: Designed by William Parsons.

Urban Planning

• Proposed ideas for comprehensive urban planning followed the City Beautiful Movement.
• Proposed plans for Manila and Baguio were developed by Daniel Burnham.

Improvements in Sanitation

• Cubeta: "pail system" introducing toilets for those living in traditional Filipino houses.
• The Sanitary Barrio: Neighborhood concept with nipa houses on regulated lots, surface drainage, public latrines, bath houses, laundry, and free water hydrants.
• Tsalet: Healthy housing alternative combining vernacular tropical features, hygienic structural principles, and modern materials to prioritize light, ventilation, and drainage. Made of wood or ferroconcrete.

Improvements in Construction

• Implemented importing American architecture and building technology.

New Materials and Systems

• Steel-framed buildings, reinforced concrete (ferroconcrete), and concrete hollow blocks were used.
• The Kahn Truss System used trussed bars within concrete molds for floor slabs and beams.
• Prefabricated components and precast concrete ornaments were produced.
• Standardized plans and modular systems were used for different building types.

Gabaldon Schoolhouses

• Mass-produced schoolhouses by William Parsons.
• Features include an elevated floor, large windows with capiz shutters, and classrooms opening to an outdoor area.

Davao Municipal Hall and Calape Municipal Building

• Examples of notable buildings from the period.

Emergence of Filipino Architects

• The Pensionado Program, a government scholarship program, allowed Filipino students to pursue university education in the United States, contributing to their architectural education and careers.

First Generation Architects

• Carlos Baretto: First Filipino architect with an academic degree from abroad; joined the pioneering staff of the Division of Architecture.
• Antonio Toledo: Master of the Neoclassical style; one of the first architect-educators.
• Tomas Mapua: First registered architect in the Philippines; established the Mapua Institute of Technology's architectural school.
• Arcadio Arellano: First Filipino employed by American architectural advisors.
• Tomas Arguelles: One of the prominent department store owners of the period, advocating for the enforcement of the Manila Building Code.
• Juan Arellano: Promoted the shift towards proto-modern and nativist phases of Philippine architecture using Art Deco and Streamline design.

Second Generation Architects

• Andres Luna de San Pedro: Introduced new architectural forms that incorporated modern and exotic design motifs through the grammar of art deco.
• Pablo Antonio: National Artist for Architecture; buildings characterized by clean lines.
• Fernando Ocampo: Designed with straightforward simplicity, synthesizing traditional designs with art-deco ornaments; cofounded the UST School of Fine Arts/Architecture.
• Juan Nakpil: National Artist of Architecture; worked with the Art Deco style, combining stylized flora and angular forms.

Modern Architecture

• Modern architecture represented growth, progress, advancement, and decolonization.

Features of Modern Architecture

• Utilized reinforced concrete, steel, and glass.
• Predominance of cubic forms, geometric shapes, and Cartesian grids.
• Absence of applied decoration.

Architects and Buildings (Various)

• Buildings, architects, and other relevant details are listed throughout this document.

New Construction Techniques

• Thin Shell: Three-dimensional curved plate structure of reinforced concrete, thin compared to its dimension and load-carrying capacity.
• Folded Plate: Roof structure derived from pleated or folded geometry, formed by joining flat, thin slabs along their edges.

Post-War and the Republic Years

• More Filipino architects emerged.
• Influences from current global architectural styles (Modern Architecture) and advances in science and technology.
• New construction techniques (thin shell and folded plate).
• Importance of regional tropical features (pierced screens and brise soleil) and Neo-Vernacular architecture.
• Skyscrapers became prominent due to new building regulations. (Manila Ordinance No. 4131)

Third Generation Architects

• A list of further prominent architects from this period.

Marcosian Architecture

• The Marcos regime was considered the "Golden Age" of Philippine architecture.
• Extravagant building programs were justified by the search for national identity and nation-building.
• The UAP and the Order of National Artists were established during this period.

###CCP Complex

• A cultural-convention area on land reclaimed from Manila Bay.

Filipino/Regional Architectural Styles, Buildings, and Architects

• This section provides details concerning various Filipino and regional architectural styles, buildings and individual architects mentioned throughout the provided information.

Contemporary Philippine Architecture

• Pluralistic design approach towards design.
• The Philippines in 2000 fostered the production of "global architecture."
• Global trends in architectural style. This section includes lists of individual buildings, architects, and styles that were prevalent in this period.

Additional Information/Details

• Detailed information about specific buildings, architects, and other significant aspects of Philippine architecture can be found throughout this document, providing a comprehensive overview.

Test your knowledge on Philippine architecture with this quiz. Explore significant architectural styles, movements, and trends that have shaped the urban landscape of Manila. Uncover features associated with the Golden Age of Philippine Architecture and Modern Architecture.