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Questions and Answers
What event marked the beginning of the Philippine-American War?
What event marked the beginning of the Philippine-American War?
Which tactic did Filipino fighters NOT primarily use during the Philippine-American War?
Which tactic did Filipino fighters NOT primarily use during the Philippine-American War?
What was a major consequence of General Antonio Luna's assassination?
What was a major consequence of General Antonio Luna's assassination?
Who is known as the 'Hero of Tirad Pass'?
Who is known as the 'Hero of Tirad Pass'?
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What event effectively marked the end of organized resistance by the Filipinos?
What event effectively marked the end of organized resistance by the Filipinos?
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Which law aimed to suppress nationalism among Filipinos?
Which law aimed to suppress nationalism among Filipinos?
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What was a significant impact of Emilio Aguinaldo swearing loyalty to the United States?
What was a significant impact of Emilio Aguinaldo swearing loyalty to the United States?
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What was one of the primary roles of Filipino scouts during the war?
What was one of the primary roles of Filipino scouts during the war?
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What significant event marked Japan's full control over the Philippines?
What significant event marked Japan's full control over the Philippines?
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What was a major consequence of the Death March for Filipino and American soldiers?
What was a major consequence of the Death March for Filipino and American soldiers?
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Who led the Allied forces during the Leyte Landing?
Who led the Allied forces during the Leyte Landing?
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What was the significance of the Battle of Leyte Gulf?
What was the significance of the Battle of Leyte Gulf?
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What tactic did the Japanese use during the liberation of the Philippines that involved pilots crashing planes into ships?
What tactic did the Japanese use during the liberation of the Philippines that involved pilots crashing planes into ships?
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When did the Lingayen Gulf Landing occur?
When did the Lingayen Gulf Landing occur?
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What role did Filipino guerrillas play during the liberation of the Philippines?
What role did Filipino guerrillas play during the liberation of the Philippines?
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What happened during the fighting in Manila in February 1945?
What happened during the fighting in Manila in February 1945?
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When was Manila officially liberated from Japanese rule?
When was Manila officially liberated from Japanese rule?
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What was the key outcome of the Leyte Landing for the Filipino people?
What was the key outcome of the Leyte Landing for the Filipino people?
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What was the main purpose of the Brigandage Act of 1902?
What was the main purpose of the Brigandage Act of 1902?
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What did the Sedition Law of 1901 aim to suppress?
What did the Sedition Law of 1901 aim to suppress?
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How did the Flag Law of 1907 affect the expression of Filipino nationalism?
How did the Flag Law of 1907 affect the expression of Filipino nationalism?
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What was a significant outcome of the Municipal Code of 1901?
What was a significant outcome of the Municipal Code of 1901?
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What did the Cooper Act establish in the Philippines?
What did the Cooper Act establish in the Philippines?
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What was a promise made by General Douglas MacArthur during the Japanese Occupation?
What was a promise made by General Douglas MacArthur during the Japanese Occupation?
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What does Filipinization refer to in the context of governance in the Philippines?
What does Filipinization refer to in the context of governance in the Philippines?
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Why was Manila declared an Open City during the Japanese invasion?
Why was Manila declared an Open City during the Japanese invasion?
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Which event marked the start of Japan's war against the United States?
Which event marked the start of Japan's war against the United States?
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What was one main consequence of the oppressive laws imposed on Filipinos?
What was one main consequence of the oppressive laws imposed on Filipinos?
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What was a key feature of the Jones Law of 1916?
What was a key feature of the Jones Law of 1916?
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How did many Filipinos respond to the oppressive laws imposed by the Americans?
How did many Filipinos respond to the oppressive laws imposed by the Americans?
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What was one of the main objectives of the laws such as the Flag Law and Sedition Law?
What was one of the main objectives of the laws such as the Flag Law and Sedition Law?
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Study Notes
Philippine-American War
- Began in 1899 after Pvt. William Grayson shot two Katipuneros.
- Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, fought using conventional and guerrilla tactics.
- Filipinos struggled against superior American weapons and resources.
- General Antonio Luna, a brilliant but controversial Filipino military leader, was assassinated in 1899, weakening Filipino forces.
- Gregorio del Pilar, a young general, became a hero at the Battle of Tirad Pass, delaying American forces.
- Emilio Aguinaldo was captured in 1901, marking the end of organized resistance.
Repression of Nationalism
- US government implemented laws to suppress Filipino nationalism.
- The Brigandage Act (1902) criminalized armed resistance against the US.
- The Sedition Law (1901) prohibited any anti-American speech or actions.
- The Flag Law (1907) banned the display of the Philippine flag.
- These laws aimed to control Filipinos but fueled independence movements.
Filipinization of the Government
- Filipinization involved increasing Filipino participation in governance.
- The Municipal Code (1901) allowed Filipinos to vote for local officials.
- The Cooper Act (1902) established a Philippine Assembly, granting Filipinos some legislative power.
- The Jones Law (1916) further enhanced Filipino self-governance, guaranteeing future independence.
Start of Japanese Occupation
- Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) marked the start of the war against the US, including the Philippines.
- Japan bombed military bases in the Philippines, severely weakening defenses.
- Manila was declared an Open City, but still suffered bombing.
- Filipino and American soldiers retreated to Bataan.
- President Quezon and General MacArthur escaped to continue fighting from abroad.
- Bataan fell on April 9, 1942, followed by Corregidor.
- The Bataan Death March took place, resulting in thousands of deaths.
Liberation of Manila
- Leyte Landing (October 20, 1944): Allied forces landed on Leyte, marking the start of the liberation.
- Battle of Leyte Gulf (October 23-26, 1944): A major naval battle, weakening Japanese naval power.
- Kamikaze attacks were used by Japan to stop Allied forces during liberation efforts.
- Lingayen Gulf Landing (January 9, 1945): Allied forces landed to advance towards Manila.
- Liberation of Manila (February 1945): Fierce fighting led to the liberation.
- Manila was officially liberated on March 3, 1945.
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Description
Explore the key events and figures of the Philippine-American War, from the initial conflict in 1899 to the suppression of nationalism under American rule. Understand the impact of laws such as the Brigandage Act and Sedition Law on Filipino resistance and nationalism. Discover the struggles and strategies used by Filipino leaders during this pivotal time in history.
