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What was the main aim of the Court of Industrial Relations?
Which of the following reforms was part of the agrarian policies during President Marcos' regime?
What significant issue arose from the Operation Land Transfer program?
What restriction did the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law impose on landowners?
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What was the primary focus of the Masagana 99 program?
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What strategy did landlords employ to evade the stipulations of agrarian reform programs?
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Which administration was responsible for implementing the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)?
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What consequence did the lack of support for small farmers have on agrarian reform efforts?
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What was the smallest political unit in pre-colonial Philippines called?
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Which rank in the Visayan social structure was considered the noble class?
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Which of the following imposed a system requiring Filipino farmers to sell their goods to the government?
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What was a primary requirement of the Polo y Servicio system?
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What percentage of land distribution did CARP accomplish in its initial 6 years?
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What did the Encomienda system allow encomenderos to do?
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What did the tribute, or "buwis," represent in pre-colonial society?
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What was allowed to landowners under CARP concerning their land ownership?
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Which administration signed the Republic Act No. 8532 in 1998 to amend CARP?
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Which of the following statements about the Spanish Colonization period is accurate?
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How many hectares of land remained undistributed after the deadline of the extended CARP in 2008?
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What defined the political structure of the pre-colonial Philippines?
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What significant law did President Gloria Arroyo sign to extend CARP in 2008?
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What portion of land was distributed to farmer-beneficiaries during the CARPER period?
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How was Hacienda Luisita transformed under President Aquino's policies?
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What mechanism does modern taxation serve in government?
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What is the maximum term length for the President and Vice President in the Philippines?
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Which branch of government has the authority to evaluate laws?
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What is a significant power of the President related to legislation?
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Which institution is responsible for confirming or rejecting the President's appointments?
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What is the primary function of the Legislative branch in the Philippines?
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Which document is NOT one of the constitutions of the Philippines?
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Which branch can overturn unconstitutional laws?
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What was the first constitution of the Philippines?
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What legal change did the Jones Law of 1916 introduce regarding the Philippine legislature?
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What was a key provision in the Organic Act of 1902?
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Which act led to the drafting of the 1935 Constitution?
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Which provision regarding suffrage was established in the Commonwealth of the Philippines?
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What was the main purpose of the Preamble to the 1935 Constitution?
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Who approved the draft of the 1935 Constitution?
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Which act was opposed by President Manuel Quezon and rejected by the Philippine Senate?
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What legislative structure was created by the Organic Act of 1902?
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Study Notes
Court of Industrial Relations and Agrarian Reform
- Established to address disputes related to land rights and landowner-tenant relationships.
- Agrarian reform efforts faced setbacks due to continuous uprisings and insufficient budget allocation.
- World War II halted agrarian interventions and shifted focus to national rehabilitation post-war.
- Hacienda lands were redistributed, but small farmers received little support resulting in continued failures in reform.
Agrarian Reform Under Different Administrations
- Roxas: Initiated measures to support land redistribution but lacked sustained efficacy.
- Quirino: Continued previous administration’s policies but faced challenges in execution.
- Magsaysay: Focused on agrarian reform measures but struggled with implementation and support for farmers.
- Macapagal: Advanced efforts for land reform but faced political and operational obstacles.
Agrarian Reform During the Marcos Regime
- Marcos declared martial law in 1972, restructuring government to reduce landlord dominance.
- Masagana 99: Aimed for rice self-sufficiency, allowing farmers to borrow and purchase three-hectare plots.
- Operation Land Transfer: Granted land to tenants on certain conditions, but loopholes allowed elite circumventing, leading to increased landlessness.
Post-1986 Agrarian Reform Developments
- Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) passed in 1988, enabling agricultural land redistribution to tenant-farmers.
- Landowners allowed to retain up to five hectares and compensated for larger holdings.
- CARP achieved only 22.5% land distribution in six years due to congressional funding issues.
- Hacienda Luisita’s stock redistribution model favored share distribution over land allocation.
- During Ramos’ presidency, DAR distributed 58.25% of CARP area despite challenges.
- Republic Act No. 8532 extended CARP for another ten years.
- By 2008, 1.6 million hectares of land remained undistributed despite extensions through CARPER.
Taxation History
- Early taxation linked to tributes paid to local leaders in pre-colonial Philippines.
- Modern taxation arose from colonial governance, aimed at funding government functions and public services.
Pre-colonial Philippines
- Barangay as the political unit, led by a datu or rajah.
- Taxation for protection referred to as “buwis” or "handug."
Spanish Colonization (1521-1898)
- Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade: Key trade route maximizing colonial profits.
- Polo y Servicio: Forced labor system requiring men to work for 40 days unless paid off.
- Bandala System: Required farmers to sell goods to the government at set lower prices, leading to abuses.
- Encomienda System: Land distribution to encomenderos who managed taxation and protection duties.
Philippine Constitutional Development
- Multiple constitutional changes from the Malolos Constitution to the 1986 Freedom Constitution.
- Organic Act of 1902: Created the Philippine Assembly and included a bill of rights for Filipinos.
- Jones Law: Established the Senate as an elected upper house and recognized Filipino self-governance.
- Significant amendments were led by various political leaders but often faced opposition during monarchy periods.
Summary of Governance Structure
- Three branches:
- Legislative: Makes laws through Congress, divided into the Senate and House of Representatives.
- Executive: Executes laws, led by an elected President and Vice President.
- Judicial: Evaluates laws and settles legal disputes, headed by the Supreme Court.
Key Constitutional Features
- The 1935 Constitution provided foundational governance frameworks and suffrage rights.
- Established power dynamics among branches, ensuring checks and balances in governance.
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Description
Explore the establishment of the Court of Industrial Relations and its role in agrarian reforms in the Philippines. Understand the challenges faced during key historical events, including World War II, and how they impacted land rights and tenant relationships. This quiz delves into the evolution of policies and interventions prior to and after the war.