Philippine Agrarian Reform History

A court established in the Philippines to resolve disputes related to land rights and landlord-tenant relationships.

Efforts to redistribute land to farmers during the early years of the Philippine Republic faced challenges due to ongoing uprisings and insufficient government resources.

World War II interrupted agrarian reform initiatives in the Philippines, shifting government focus to national rehabilitation after the war.

While the Philippines distributed hacienda lands to farmers after World War II, the small farmers received limited support leading to continuing challenges in implementing land reform.

President Roxas initiated land redistribution measures but faced challenges in maintaining their effectiveness.

President Quirino continued the land redistribution policies set by his predecessor but encountered challenges in executing them successfully.

President Magsaysay emphasized agrarian reform measures during his presidency, but implementation and support provided to farmers remained difficult.

President Macapagal pushed forward with land reform efforts, striving for a more equitable distribution of land. However, he faced opposition and operational hurdles.

President Marcos declared martial law in 1972, restructuring the government to decrease the influence of landlords.

A program initiated by Marcos aimed at achieving rice self-sufficiency, allowing farmers to borrow money and purchase three-hectare plots of land.

A government initiative during the Marcos regime that intended to transfer land to tenants under certain conditions. However, loopholes in the system enabled the elite to circumvent the process, leading to an increase in landless individuals.

A comprehensive law enacted in 1988 in the Philippines, focusing on the redistribution of agricultural land to tenant-farmers.

The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) allowed landowners to retain up to five hectares of land and were compensated for larger holdings.

Due to congressional funding challenges, the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) achieved land distribution for only 22.5% of land in six years.

Hacienda Luisita, a large estate, implemented a stock redistribution model that favored distributing shares to workers rather than directly allocating land.

During President Ramos' term, the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) successfully distributed 58.25% of the targeted land area under CARP, despite challenges.

A law passed in the Philippines that extended the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) for another ten years.

Despite numerous extensions to the CARP program through CARPER, 1.6 million hectares of land remained undistributed by 2008.

In pre-colonial Philippines, taxation existed in the form of tributes paid to local leaders, known as datus or rajahs.

The modern system of taxation in the Philippines emerged during the colonial era, with taxation aimed at funding government operations and public services.

A political unit in pre-colonial Philippines, the barangay was led by a datu or rajah. Taxation in this period often served the purpose of protection and was called ‘buwis’ or ‘handug.’

The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade was a key trade route between the Philippines and Mexico, maximizing profits for the Spanish colonial government.

A forced labor system imposed by the Spanish in the Philippines. Men were required to work for the government for 40 days unless they paid a fee to be exempted.

A system implemented by the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines, requiring farmers to sell their produce to the government at set prices, often resulting in exploitation and unfair treatment.

The Spanish colonial government granted land to encomenderos. These individuals were responsible for managing taxation and providing protection to the inhabitants in their assigned areas.

The Philippines has undergone multiple constitutional changes since the Malolos Constitution, culminating in the 1986 Freedom Constitution.

The Organic Act of 1902 enacted by the United States marked a step toward the creation of a Philippine Assembly and included a bill of rights for Filipinos.

The Jones Law, enacted by the United States, established the Senate as an elected upper house and formally recognized Filipino self-governance.

The Philippine government has three main branches: the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.

The Philippines' 1935 Constitution established fundamental governance structures and the right to suffrage for Filipinos, laying the foundation for modern Philippine democracy.

The 1935 Philippine Constitution established a balance of power between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, ensuring checks and balances in governance.