Philippine Agrarian Reform History
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Questions and Answers

What was the main aim of the Court of Industrial Relations?

  • To regulate the price of agricultural products
  • To promote urban development
  • To oversee agricultural production
  • To handle disputes in land rights and landlord-tenant relationships (correct)

    • Which of the following reforms was part of the agrarian policies during President Marcos' regime?

  • Masagana 99 (correct)
  • Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
  • Operation Rice Bowl
  • Land Distribution Act

    • What significant issue arose from the Operation Land Transfer program?

  • Strengthening of tenant rights
  • Failure to address landlessness among tenants (correct)
  • Increase in agricultural productivity
  • Excessive land ownership by farmers

    • What restriction did the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law impose on landowners?

    <p>They could retain ownership of only five hectares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the Masagana 99 program?

    <p>Rice self-sufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy did landlords employ to evade the stipulations of agrarian reform programs?

    <p>Changing crops to exempt themselves from programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which administration was responsible for implementing the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)?

    <p>Aquino</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence did the lack of support for small farmers have on agrarian reform efforts?

    <p>Strengthened landlord control over land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the smallest political unit in pre-colonial Philippines called?

    <p>Barangay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rank in the Visayan social structure was considered the noble class?

    <p>Tumao</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following imposed a system requiring Filipino farmers to sell their goods to the government?

    <p>Bandala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary requirement of the Polo y Servicio system?

    <p>Men had to render 40 days of labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of land distribution did CARP accomplish in its initial 6 years?

    <p>22.5 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Encomienda system allow encomenderos to do?

    <p>Tax the natives and protect them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the tribute, or "buwis," represent in pre-colonial society?

    <p>A payment for protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was allowed to landowners under CARP concerning their land ownership?

    <p>They were compensated and could retain no more than five hectares.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which administration signed the Republic Act No. 8532 in 1998 to amend CARP?

    <p>President Ramos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Spanish Colonization period is accurate?

    <p>The Bandala was a method of forced labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hectares of land remained undistributed after the deadline of the extended CARP in 2008?

    <p>1.6 million hectares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defined the political structure of the pre-colonial Philippines?

    <p>Fragmented political units led by various datu and rajah.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant law did President Gloria Arroyo sign to extend CARP in 2008?

    <p>Republic Act No. 9700</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What portion of land was distributed to farmer-beneficiaries during the CARPER period?

    <p>1 million hectares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How was Hacienda Luisita transformed under President Aquino's policies?

    <p>It became a corporation distributing stock to farmers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism does modern taxation serve in government?

    <p>To raise funds and improve citizens' lives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum term length for the President and Vice President in the Philippines?

    <p>Six years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of government has the authority to evaluate laws?

    <p>Judicial branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant power of the President related to legislation?

    <p>Veto laws passed by Congress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which institution is responsible for confirming or rejecting the President's appointments?

    <p>The Senate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Legislative branch in the Philippines?

    <p>Make, alter, and repeal laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which document is NOT one of the constitutions of the Philippines?

    <p>The 1865 Constitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch can overturn unconstitutional laws?

    <p>Judicial branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first constitution of the Philippines?

    <p>The 1899 Malolos Constitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legal change did the Jones Law of 1916 introduce regarding the Philippine legislature?

    <p>It removed the Philippine Commission and established a Senate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key provision in the Organic Act of 1902?

    <p>It included a bill of rights for Filipinos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act led to the drafting of the 1935 Constitution?

    <p>Tydings-McDuffie Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which provision regarding suffrage was established in the Commonwealth of the Philippines?

    <p>Women could vote starting in 1935.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of the Preamble to the 1935 Constitution?

    <p>To outline the government's obligations towards the people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who approved the draft of the 1935 Constitution?

    <p>Franklin D. Roosevelt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act was opposed by President Manuel Quezon and rejected by the Philippine Senate?

    <p>Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legislative structure was created by the Organic Act of 1902?

    <p>A bicameral legislature, including the Philippine Commission and Assembly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Court of Industrial Relations and Agrarian Reform

    • Established to address disputes related to land rights and landowner-tenant relationships.
    • Agrarian reform efforts faced setbacks due to continuous uprisings and insufficient budget allocation.
    • World War II halted agrarian interventions and shifted focus to national rehabilitation post-war.
    • Hacienda lands were redistributed, but small farmers received little support resulting in continued failures in reform.

    Agrarian Reform Under Different Administrations

    • Roxas: Initiated measures to support land redistribution but lacked sustained efficacy.
    • Quirino: Continued previous administration’s policies but faced challenges in execution.
    • Magsaysay: Focused on agrarian reform measures but struggled with implementation and support for farmers.
    • Macapagal: Advanced efforts for land reform but faced political and operational obstacles.

    Agrarian Reform During the Marcos Regime

    • Marcos declared martial law in 1972, restructuring government to reduce landlord dominance.
    • Masagana 99: Aimed for rice self-sufficiency, allowing farmers to borrow and purchase three-hectare plots.
    • Operation Land Transfer: Granted land to tenants on certain conditions, but loopholes allowed elite circumventing, leading to increased landlessness.

    Post-1986 Agrarian Reform Developments

    • Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) passed in 1988, enabling agricultural land redistribution to tenant-farmers.
    • Landowners allowed to retain up to five hectares and compensated for larger holdings.
    • CARP achieved only 22.5% land distribution in six years due to congressional funding issues.
    • Hacienda Luisita’s stock redistribution model favored share distribution over land allocation.
    • During Ramos’ presidency, DAR distributed 58.25% of CARP area despite challenges.
    • Republic Act No. 8532 extended CARP for another ten years.
    • By 2008, 1.6 million hectares of land remained undistributed despite extensions through CARPER.

    Taxation History

    • Early taxation linked to tributes paid to local leaders in pre-colonial Philippines.
    • Modern taxation arose from colonial governance, aimed at funding government functions and public services.

    Pre-colonial Philippines

    • Barangay as the political unit, led by a datu or rajah.
    • Taxation for protection referred to as “buwis” or "handug."

    Spanish Colonization (1521-1898)

    • Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade: Key trade route maximizing colonial profits.
    • Polo y Servicio: Forced labor system requiring men to work for 40 days unless paid off.
    • Bandala System: Required farmers to sell goods to the government at set lower prices, leading to abuses.
    • Encomienda System: Land distribution to encomenderos who managed taxation and protection duties.

    Philippine Constitutional Development

    • Multiple constitutional changes from the Malolos Constitution to the 1986 Freedom Constitution.
    • Organic Act of 1902: Created the Philippine Assembly and included a bill of rights for Filipinos.
    • Jones Law: Established the Senate as an elected upper house and recognized Filipino self-governance.
    • Significant amendments were led by various political leaders but often faced opposition during monarchy periods.

    Summary of Governance Structure

    • Three branches:
      • Legislative: Makes laws through Congress, divided into the Senate and House of Representatives.
      • Executive: Executes laws, led by an elected President and Vice President.
      • Judicial: Evaluates laws and settles legal disputes, headed by the Supreme Court.

    Key Constitutional Features

    • The 1935 Constitution provided foundational governance frameworks and suffrage rights.
    • Established power dynamics among branches, ensuring checks and balances in governance.

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    Description

    Explore the establishment of the Court of Industrial Relations and its role in agrarian reforms in the Philippines. Understand the challenges faced during key historical events, including World War II, and how they impacted land rights and tenant relationships. This quiz delves into the evolution of policies and interventions prior to and after the war.

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