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Questions and Answers
The process of breaking down food into smaller pieces is known as the ______ phase.
The process of breaking down food into smaller pieces is known as the ______ phase.
Mechanical
The ______ is the muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach.
The ______ is the muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach.
Esophagus
The ______ is the largest part of the digestive system and is responsible for complete digestion.
The ______ is the largest part of the digestive system and is responsible for complete digestion.
Small Intestine
The ______ is the part of the digestive system where food is lubricated and formed into a ball-like shape.
The ______ is the part of the digestive system where food is lubricated and formed into a ball-like shape.
The ______ is the process by which the esophagus moves food through its muscular contractions.
The ______ is the process by which the esophagus moves food through its muscular contractions.
The largest internal organ in the body that produces ______ is the liver.
The largest internal organ in the body that produces ______ is the liver.
The ______ is located at the back of the stomach and functions as an exocrine to digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
The ______ is located at the back of the stomach and functions as an exocrine to digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Salivary glands secrete ______, a combination of fluid and mucus, and produce approximately 1 liter every day.
Salivary glands secrete ______, a combination of fluid and mucus, and produce approximately 1 liter every day.
The ______ stores concentrated bile from the liver.
The ______ stores concentrated bile from the liver.
The ______ is the Father of modern taxonomy.
The ______ is the Father of modern taxonomy.
The binomial nomenclature system uses ______ words.
The binomial nomenclature system uses ______ words.
The ______ concept uses shared, unique genetic history.
The ______ concept uses shared, unique genetic history.
Archaebacteria are bacteria that live in ______ conditions.
Archaebacteria are bacteria that live in ______ conditions.
The ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem is the ______.
The ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem is the ______.
The ______ cycle refers to the cycling of nutrients from the environment.
The ______ cycle refers to the cycling of nutrients from the environment.
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Study Notes
Digestive System
- Digestion is the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules
- Mechanical digestion: breaking down food into smaller pieces by chewing/mastication in the mouth and stomach
- Chemical digestion: enzymes and acids help break down food in the mouth and intestine
- Phases of digestion: mechanical (mouth -> stomach) and chemical (mouth -> intestine)
Phases of Digestion
- Mouth: digestion begins with chewing/mastication, food lubricated to form a ball called a bolus
- Stomach: muscular, elastic, pear-shaped organ that stores and breaks down food into smaller pieces
- Esophagus: muscular tube that moves food from pharynx to stomach through peristalsis
- Pharynx: common passageway of digestion and respiration
- Small Intestine: largest part of the digestive system, organ of complete digestion
- Rectum: warehouse of undigested residue
- Large Intestine: absorbs most liquid from undigested food, absorbs vitamins produced by bacteria
Accessory Digestive Organs
- Liver: largest internal organ, produces bile
- Pancreas: located behind the stomach, functions as exocrine to digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
- Salivary Glands: secrete saliva, a combination of fluid and mucus, 1 liter secreted daily
- Gallbladder: stores concentrated bile from the liver
###Digestive Disorders
- PICA: pattern of eating non-food materials
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- Gastritis
- Peptic Ulcers: holes in the gastrointestinal mucosa
Taxonomy
- Carolus Von Linnaeus: Father of modern taxonomy
- Classification: organisms grouped into hierarchical categories from broad to specific
- Binomial Nomenclature: two-word naming system using Latin words, format: Genus (capitalized) species (lowercase)
Biodiversity
- Genetic diversity: differences in DNA among species
- Species diversity: variety of species in a given area
- Ecosystem diversity: variety of habitats
- Phylogenetic Species concept: uses shared, unique genetic history
Classification of Organisms
- Old Classification: Monera, Protists, Plants, Animals, Fungi
- Monera: split into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
- Archaebacteria: "ancient bacteria" that live in harsh conditions
- Eubacteria: bacteria that live in normal conditions, used in making cheese and yogurt
Cell Type and Number
- Prokaryotic: no nucleus
- Eukaryotic: nucleus
- Unicellular: single-celled
- Multicellular: many-celled
Feeding Type and Energy Flow
- Producers (Autotroph): make their own food
- Consumer (Heterotroph): must eat other organisms
- Ultimate source of energy: Sun
- Energy Flow: 10% Rule, energy harvested at a lower trophic level is transferred to the next higher trophic level
- Food Chain: linear network of links in each trophic level
- Food Web: network of food chains
- Biomass: total mass of organisms inside a food chain
- Biogeochemical Cycle: cycling of nutrients from the environment
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