Phase II (Conjugation) Reactions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary objective of phase II conjugation reactions?

  • Enhance biological activity
  • Convert metabolites to more polar and water-soluble products (correct)
  • Terminate pharmacological activity
  • Increase lipid solubility
  • Which of the following molecules is NOT typically attached during phase II conjugation reactions?

  • Methyl group
  • Glucuronic acid
  • Ethanol (correct)
  • Sulfate
  • What is the role of glycine in phase II conjugation reactions?

  • Terminate pharmacological activity
  • Activate coenzymes
  • Enhance lipid solubility
  • Attach to metabolites to increase water solubility (correct)
  • Which phase II reaction mainly serves to prevent damage to biomacromolecules like DNA and proteins?

    <p>Methylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the activated form of the conjugating group before transfer or attachment in most phase II reactions?

    <p>Coenzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about sulfate conjugation is true?

    <p>Involves attaching sulfate molecules to metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conjugation reaction becomes the major route of acetaminophen conjugation in neonates and young children?

    <p>Sulfate conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with phenacetin metabolism?

    <p>N-hydroxyphenacetin conjugated with sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conjugation reactions involves the carboxyl group as the functional group?

    <p>Glycine conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In amino acids conjugation, how is the carboxylic acid (substrate) activated?

    <p>Activated with ATP and CoA to form an acyl-CoA complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic pathway leads to reactive intermediates responsible for drug toxicity?

    <p>Arene oxides pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is sulfate conjugation considered a detoxification reaction?

    <p>Because it inactivates drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major phase II metabolic pathway for drugs, xenobiotics, and endogenous compounds?

    <p>Glucuronic acid (GUA) conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acids are involved in conjugation reactions like glycine and glutamine conjugation?

    <p>Glycine and serine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the activation process carried out by enzymes to react with drug molecules in conjugation reactions?

    <p>Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction involves the formation of β-glucuronides?

    <p>Glucuronic acid (GUA) conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of phase II reactions according to the text?

    <p>Hydroxylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in the reaction process with glutathione in Phase II reactions?

    <p>Glutathione S-transferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

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