Phase II (Conjugation) Reactions

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What is the primary objective of phase II conjugation reactions?

Enhance biological activity

Convert metabolites to more polar and water-soluble products (correct)

Terminate pharmacological activity

Increase lipid solubility

Which of the following molecules is NOT typically attached during phase II conjugation reactions?

Methyl group

Glucuronic acid

Ethanol (correct)

Sulfate

What is the role of glycine in phase II conjugation reactions?

Terminate pharmacological activity

Activate coenzymes

Enhance lipid solubility

Attach to metabolites to increase water solubility (correct)

Which phase II reaction mainly serves to prevent damage to biomacromolecules like DNA and proteins?

Methylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the activated form of the conjugating group before transfer or attachment in most phase II reactions?

Coenzyme Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about sulfate conjugation is true?

Involves attaching sulfate molecules to metabolites Signup and view all the answers

Which conjugation reaction becomes the major route of acetaminophen conjugation in neonates and young children?

Sulfate conjugation Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with phenacetin metabolism?

N-hydroxyphenacetin conjugated with sulfate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conjugation reactions involves the carboxyl group as the functional group?

Glycine conjugation Signup and view all the answers

In amino acids conjugation, how is the carboxylic acid (substrate) activated?

Activated with ATP and CoA to form an acyl-CoA complex Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic pathway leads to reactive intermediates responsible for drug toxicity?

Arene oxides pathway Signup and view all the answers

Why is sulfate conjugation considered a detoxification reaction?

Because it inactivates drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the major phase II metabolic pathway for drugs, xenobiotics, and endogenous compounds?

Glucuronic acid (GUA) conjugation Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acids are involved in conjugation reactions like glycine and glutamine conjugation?

Glycine and serine Signup and view all the answers

What is the activation process carried out by enzymes to react with drug molecules in conjugation reactions?

Phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction involves the formation of β-glucuronides?

Glucuronic acid (GUA) conjugation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of phase II reactions according to the text?

Hydroxylation Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is involved in the reaction process with glutathione in Phase II reactions?

Glutathione S-transferase Signup and view all the answers