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Questions and Answers
What is the primary objective of phase II conjugation reactions?
What is the primary objective of phase II conjugation reactions?
- Enhance biological activity
- Convert metabolites to more polar and water-soluble products (correct)
- Terminate pharmacological activity
- Increase lipid solubility
Which of the following molecules is NOT typically attached during phase II conjugation reactions?
Which of the following molecules is NOT typically attached during phase II conjugation reactions?
- Methyl group
- Glucuronic acid
- Ethanol (correct)
- Sulfate
What is the role of glycine in phase II conjugation reactions?
What is the role of glycine in phase II conjugation reactions?
- Terminate pharmacological activity
- Activate coenzymes
- Enhance lipid solubility
- Attach to metabolites to increase water solubility (correct)
Which phase II reaction mainly serves to prevent damage to biomacromolecules like DNA and proteins?
Which phase II reaction mainly serves to prevent damage to biomacromolecules like DNA and proteins?
What is the activated form of the conjugating group before transfer or attachment in most phase II reactions?
What is the activated form of the conjugating group before transfer or attachment in most phase II reactions?
Which of the following statements about sulfate conjugation is true?
Which of the following statements about sulfate conjugation is true?
Which conjugation reaction becomes the major route of acetaminophen conjugation in neonates and young children?
Which conjugation reaction becomes the major route of acetaminophen conjugation in neonates and young children?
What is responsible for the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with phenacetin metabolism?
What is responsible for the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with phenacetin metabolism?
Which of the following conjugation reactions involves the carboxyl group as the functional group?
Which of the following conjugation reactions involves the carboxyl group as the functional group?
In amino acids conjugation, how is the carboxylic acid (substrate) activated?
In amino acids conjugation, how is the carboxylic acid (substrate) activated?
Which metabolic pathway leads to reactive intermediates responsible for drug toxicity?
Which metabolic pathway leads to reactive intermediates responsible for drug toxicity?
Why is sulfate conjugation considered a detoxification reaction?
Why is sulfate conjugation considered a detoxification reaction?
What is the major phase II metabolic pathway for drugs, xenobiotics, and endogenous compounds?
What is the major phase II metabolic pathway for drugs, xenobiotics, and endogenous compounds?
Which amino acids are involved in conjugation reactions like glycine and glutamine conjugation?
Which amino acids are involved in conjugation reactions like glycine and glutamine conjugation?
What is the activation process carried out by enzymes to react with drug molecules in conjugation reactions?
What is the activation process carried out by enzymes to react with drug molecules in conjugation reactions?
Which reaction involves the formation of β-glucuronides?
Which reaction involves the formation of β-glucuronides?
Which of the following is NOT a part of phase II reactions according to the text?
Which of the following is NOT a part of phase II reactions according to the text?
Which enzyme is involved in the reaction process with glutathione in Phase II reactions?
Which enzyme is involved in the reaction process with glutathione in Phase II reactions?
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