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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of mixing in the production of tablets, sachets, and dry capsules?
What is the primary purpose of mixing in the production of tablets, sachets, and dry capsules?
In the context of dissolving a solid in a solvent, what makes the process rapid?
In the context of dissolving a solid in a solvent, what makes the process rapid?
What is the purpose of mixing in the context of emulsions and creams?
What is the purpose of mixing in the context of emulsions and creams?
How does mixing contribute to the production of pastes?
How does mixing contribute to the production of pastes?
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According to the text, what does mixing aim to achieve in the production of tablets, sachets, and dry capsules?
According to the text, what does mixing aim to achieve in the production of tablets, sachets, and dry capsules?
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What is the overall objective of mixing as mentioned in the text?
What is the overall objective of mixing as mentioned in the text?
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What type of mixture is formed from materials such as gases or miscible liquids and mix spontaneously and irreversibly by diffusion?
What type of mixture is formed from materials such as gases or miscible liquids and mix spontaneously and irreversibly by diffusion?
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Which type of mixture requires energy to be supplied to keep components adequately dispersed?
Which type of mixture requires energy to be supplied to keep components adequately dispersed?
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What type of mixture is static in behavior and neither mixing nor de-mixing occurs, unless acted upon by an external system of forces?
What type of mixture is static in behavior and neither mixing nor de-mixing occurs, unless acted upon by an external system of forces?
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What is the mechanism of mixing referred to as macromixing, involving the transfer of groups of particles in bulk from one part of the powder bed to another?
What is the mechanism of mixing referred to as macromixing, involving the transfer of groups of particles in bulk from one part of the powder bed to another?
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During which type of mixing are shear forces created within the mass of the material by using agitator arm or a blast of air?
During which type of mixing are shear forces created within the mass of the material by using agitator arm or a blast of air?
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In which type of mixture does the dispersion of solid in the solution occur, leading to fast separation?
In which type of mixture does the dispersion of solid in the solution occur, leading to fast separation?
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Which type of mixture has slow separation and requires a high degree of mixing efficiency to be formed?
Which type of mixture has slow separation and requires a high degree of mixing efficiency to be formed?
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What is formed when two or more than two miscible liquids are mixed together?
What is formed when two or more than two miscible liquids are mixed together?
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Which type of mixing involves tilting the materials so that gravitational forces cause the upper layers to slip and diffusion of individual particles takes place over newly developed surfaces?
Which type of mixing involves tilting the materials so that gravitational forces cause the upper layers to slip and diffusion of individual particles takes place over newly developed surfaces?
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What is obtained when an insoluble solid is mixed with a vehicle?
What is obtained when an insoluble solid is mixed with a vehicle?
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What is the primary purpose of filtration in the context of liquid dosage forms?
What is the primary purpose of filtration in the context of liquid dosage forms?
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In filtration, what is the filter medium's role?
In filtration, what is the filter medium's role?
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What happens to the accumulated solids on the filter, known as the filter cake?
What happens to the accumulated solids on the filter, known as the filter cake?
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What is the general process of filtration based on the size of particles to be separated?
What is the general process of filtration based on the size of particles to be separated?
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What is meant by clarification in the context of solid concentration in a liquid?
What is meant by clarification in the context of solid concentration in a liquid?
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What is one of the applications of filtration in pharmaceutical formulation?
What is one of the applications of filtration in pharmaceutical formulation?
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What is the primary purpose of HEPA filters and laminar air benches in the production of sterile products?
What is the primary purpose of HEPA filters and laminar air benches in the production of sterile products?
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In which production process are bacteria-proof filters used?
In which production process are bacteria-proof filters used?
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What is the mechanism involved in depth filtration?
What is the mechanism involved in depth filtration?
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Which type of filter medium has a high mechanical strength and high capacity, making it cheaper to use?
Which type of filter medium has a high mechanical strength and high capacity, making it cheaper to use?
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What governs the flow of liquid through a filter according to the text?
What governs the flow of liquid through a filter according to the text?
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How is the rate of filtration expressed according to the text?
How is the rate of filtration expressed according to the text?
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What does Darcy’s Equation aim to incorporate according to the text?
What does Darcy’s Equation aim to incorporate according to the text?
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What is meant by 'filtration is not a steady state' according to the text?
What is meant by 'filtration is not a steady state' according to the text?
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In depth filtration, what does slurry penetrate to a point where?
In depth filtration, what does slurry penetrate to a point where?
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What determines the efficacy of surface/ screen filtration according to the text?
What determines the efficacy of surface/ screen filtration according to the text?
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Study Notes
Mixing in Pharmaceutical Production
- Primary purpose of mixing in production of tablets, sachets, and dry capsules: to achieve uniform distribution of ingredients and ensure consistent quality
- Rapid dissolution of a solid in a solvent is facilitated by increased surface area, temperature, and agitation
- Mixing in emulsions and creams: to create a stable mixture of two or more immiscible liquids
- Mixing in production of pastes: to achieve uniform consistency and distribution of ingredients
Types of Mixtures
- Homogeneous mixture: formed from materials such as gases or miscible liquids that mix spontaneously and irreversibly by diffusion
- Unstable mixture: requires energy to be supplied to keep components adequately dispersed
- Static mixture: static in behavior, neither mixing nor de-mixing occurs, unless acted upon by an external system of forces
Mechanisms of Mixing
- Macromixing: involves the transfer of groups of particles in bulk from one part of the powder bed to another
- Micromixing: involves the creation of shear forces within the mass of the material by using an agitator arm or a blast of air
- Diffusion mixing: involves tilting the materials so that gravitational forces cause the upper layers to slip and diffusion of individual particles takes place over newly developed surfaces
Filtration in Pharmaceutical Production
- Primary purpose of filtration: to separate particles of different sizes
- Filter medium's role: to act as a barrier, allowing smaller particles to pass through while retaining larger particles
- Filter cake: accumulated solids on the filter that can be removed and washed
- General process of filtration: based on the size of particles to be separated, with smaller particles passing through the filter medium
Clarification and Sterile Filtration
- Clarification: process of removing solid particles from a liquid to achieve a clear solution
- Application of filtration in pharmaceutical formulation: to remove impurities, improve product quality, and ensure safety
- Primary purpose of HEPA filters and laminar air benches: to prevent contamination in the production of sterile products
- Bacteria-proof filters: used in the production of injectable products
- Mechanism of depth filtration: involves the penetration of particles into the filter medium
- Filter medium with high mechanical strength and high capacity: cheaper to use and more efficient
Filtration Rate and Darcy's Equation
- Rate of filtration: expressed in terms of volume of liquid filtered per unit time
- Darcy's Equation: aims to incorporate the effects of filter medium, particle size, and fluid properties on filtration rate
- Filtration is not a steady state: flow rate decreases over time due to clogging of the filter medium
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Description
Test your knowledge of mixing operations in pharmacy production, including the definition of mixing and the process of making simple physical mixtures for tablets, sachets, and dry capsules.
