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Questions and Answers
What does the opposite figure represent?
What does the opposite figure represent?
What is the term for the fluid inside the mentioned structure?
What is the term for the fluid inside the mentioned structure?
Which component is likely to be composed in the structure represented by the opposite figure?
Which component is likely to be composed in the structure represented by the opposite figure?
What is the significance of the grey layer mentioned?
What is the significance of the grey layer mentioned?
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Which feature is NOT typically associated with the structure represented?
Which feature is NOT typically associated with the structure represented?
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What is referred to as ergastic substances?
What is referred to as ergastic substances?
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Which organelle is associated with ergastic substances?
Which organelle is associated with ergastic substances?
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What primarily characterizes ergastic substances?
What primarily characterizes ergastic substances?
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What best describes the nature of ergastic substances?
What best describes the nature of ergastic substances?
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Which statement about ergastic substances is incorrect?
Which statement about ergastic substances is incorrect?
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Study Notes
Lecture Information
- Topic: Medicinal plants
- Year: 2023/2024
- Lecture: 2
- Lecturer: Dr. Amal F. Soliman
- Faculty: Pharmacy
Previous Lecture Review
- Students are instructed to review the previous lecture's material.
- A table is shown, requiring students to fill in the layer name and chemical composition. The layers are: Black layer, Red layer, and Grey layer.
Cell Structure Questions
- Question 1: The image shows a cell membrane. Describe the structure it. (Which components are it made of?)
- Question 2: What is the cytoplasm-like fluid inside the cell structure called?
- Question 3: Explain the function of the cell organelle in the picture.
Ergastic Substances
- Ergastic substances are materials found in vacuoles.
- They are either reserves for the cell's use or metabolic byproducts.
- Ergastic substances occur in vacuoles and cell walls.
- The examples of ergastic substances include: Starch, Protein, Crystals, and Fats.
Starch
- Simple starch grains: Layers of material are deposited from a central or eccentric point (hilum).
- Semi-compound starch grains: Two or more grains encircled by a common layer.
- Compound starch grains: Individual grains clustered together without a common layer.
- Types of starch grains include Maize starch, Potato starch. Rice starch
Protein
- Proteins are stored in aleurone grains, which are polypeptides of amino acids.
- Aleurone grains stain red with Millon reagent, yellowish-brown with iodine solution, and yellow with picric acid. Globoids are not stained.
Crystals
- Crystals are Calcium oxalate crystals
- Forms include Prisms, Twins, and Clusters.
- Another Crystal type is Calcium Carbonate (Cystolith)
Fats
- Fats are esters of fatty acids and glycerol.
- Found in high concentrations in seeds.
- Substances like wax, suberin, and cutin are fatty in nature and serve as protective components in and on cell walls.
The Cell Theory
- New cell production in plants with defined tissues occurs in meristems (growing regions).
- Tissues are classified as permanent and meristematic (capable of division).
- Types of meristems include: Apical, Intercalary, and Lateral.
- Types of permanent tissues include: Dermal, Vascular, Ground, and Secretory
Dermal or Protective Tissue
- Forms the outer protective covering (epidermis) of the plant.
- Epidermal cells are generally living.
- No intercellular spaces exist between cells, except for stomal pores in leaves and green stems.
Stomata
- Openings in the epidermis, usually on the leaf's lower surface, controlling gas exchange.
- Consist of guard cells that can be kidney-shaped or dumbbell-shaped (dicots vs monocots).
- Subsidiary cells surround the guard cells (2 or more).
Classification of Stomata
- Stomata can be categorized: Paracytic, Diacytic, Anisocytic, and Anomocytic.
- Distinguishing characteristics relate to the arrangement of subsidiary cells around the guard cells.
Epidermal Modifications
- Epidermal modifications are often known as hairs or trichomes.
- Classified as glandular or non-glandular based on function.
- Non-glandular trichomes can be unicellular, multicellular, uniseriate, biseriate, and multiseriate.
- Glandular trichomes can have unicellular or multicellular stalks and various head types.
Ground Tissue
- Includes Collenchyma, Parenchyma, and Sclerenchyma.
- Collenchyma: Provides support to young parts of the plant.
- Parenchyma: General functions such as storage (starch, water) and photosynthesis.
- Sclerenchyma: Provides support and protection in mature plant parts.
Aerenchyma:
- Modified parenchyma with wide intracellular spaces, specifically in aquatic plants, for gas exchange.
Sclerenchyma
- Consists of non-living cells with thick, often lignified secondary walls, performing primarily support and protection functions.
- Two types are Fibers (elongated, pointed) and Sclereids (isodiametric, short).
Quiz Questions
- Students are given quiz questions on stoma type identification, tissue identification, and matching of terminology with definitions.
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Description
Join Dr. Amal F. Soliman in this engaging lecture on medicinal plants and their cellular structures. This quiz will assess your understanding of cell membranes, cytoplasm, and ergastic substances, as well as the key components that make up these essential plant structures. Prepare to explore the fascinating world of plant biology and its implications in pharmacy.
