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Questions and Answers
What is the primary form in which proteins are stored in plants?
What is the primary form in which proteins are stored in plants?
What constitutes proteins at a molecular level?
What constitutes proteins at a molecular level?
Which of the following descriptions best fits starch?
Which of the following descriptions best fits starch?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of proteins?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of proteins?
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What type of structures do starch molecules exhibit?
What type of structures do starch molecules exhibit?
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What is the primary role of wax, suberin, and cutin in plants?
What is the primary role of wax, suberin, and cutin in plants?
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Where are wax, suberin, and cutin typically found in the plant body?
Where are wax, suberin, and cutin typically found in the plant body?
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Which statement is true about the nature of wax, suberin, and cutin?
Which statement is true about the nature of wax, suberin, and cutin?
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What potential consequence results from the protective nature of wax, suberin, and cutin?
What potential consequence results from the protective nature of wax, suberin, and cutin?
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Which of the following best describes a characteristic of wax, suberin, and cutin's location in plants?
Which of the following best describes a characteristic of wax, suberin, and cutin's location in plants?
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Study Notes
Lecture Information
- Lecture title: Medicinal plants
- Lecture number: 2
- Academic year: 2023/2024
- Instructor: Dr. Amal F. Soliman, Associate Professor of Pharmacognosy
- University: Mansoura National University
- Faculty: Faculty of Pharmacy
Review of Previous Lecture
- Students should review the previous lecture materials.
- A table was presented, but no data is provided. It will be necessary to have the table contents to construct notes.
- The table likely contained information on different layers, their names, and chemical composition.
Cell Structures and Functions (Questions)
- Question 1: The figure represents a cell membrane. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
- Question 2: The cytoplasm-like fluid inside the structure is cytosol.
- Question 3: The function of the organelle is to maintain cellular structure, act as a selective barrier, and support cellular processes. (This is a general answer and the specific organelle cannot be determined without the image.)
Ergastic Substances (Cell Inclusions)
- Ergastic substances are materials found in vacuoles and cell walls.
- These materials can be reserve substances used for vital cellular activities or metabolic byproducts.
- Examples of ergastic substances include starch, proteins, crystals, and fats.
Starch
- Simple starch grains are composed of concentric layers around a central point (hilum).
- Semi-compound grains contain two or more individual grains surrounded by a common layer.
- Compound grains consist of multiple grains without a common layer.
- Important types of starch include Maize starch (centric hilum), Potato starch (eccentric hilum), and Rice starch.
Proteins
- Proteins are stored as aleurone grains.
- Proteins are polypeptides of amino acids.
- Aleurone grains stain red with Millon reagent, yellowish brown with iodine solution, and yellow with picric acid.
Crystals
- Crystals, particularly calcium oxalate crystals, can take different forms, including:
- Prisms
- Twins of prisms
- Raphides (needle-like)
- Clusters
- Calcium carbonate crystals (cystoliths) are another type of plant crystal.
Fats
- Fats are esters of fatty acids and glycerol.
- Fats are prevalent in seeds.
- Substances like wax, suberin, and cutin are fatty in nature, acting as protective layers in and on cell walls.
Cell Theory and Tissues
- New cell production in plants with defined tissues occurs in meristems (growing regions).
- Plant tissues are categorized as Meristematic (capable of division) and Permanent (non-dividing).
- Meristems are further classified into Apical, Intercalary, and Lateral based on their location.
- Permanent tissues include Dermal, Ground, Vascular, and Secretory tissues.
Classification of Meristems
- Apical meristems are located at the tips of stems and roots.
- Intercalary meristems are present in the nodes of monocot plants.
- Lateral meristems occur along the sides of the plant organs (like vascular cambium, cork cambium, and interfascicular cambium).
The Primary Permanent Structure of the Plant
- Permanent tissues are differentiated by function, structure, and position.
- Four major tissue systems in plants are dermal, ground, vascular, and secretory tissues.
Dermal Tissue
- This tissue forms the outer covering of the plant (epidermis).
- Epidermal cells are living.
- The epidermis is a continuous layer, except in areas where stomata (pores) are found, particularly on leaves and stems.
Stomata
- Stomata are openings in the epidermis, mainly on the lower leaf surface.
- They regulate gas exchange in the plant.
- Stomata consist of two guard cells (kidney-shaped in dicots, dumbbell-shaped in monocots) and supporting subsidiary cells.
- Stomata types include Paracytic (2 subsidiary cells parallel to the axis), Diacytic (2 subsidiary cells perpendicular to the axis), Anisocytic (3-5 small subsidiary cells), and Anomocytic (no specific subsidiary cell arrangement).
Epidermal Modifications and Appendages
- Epidermal appendages are often known as hairs or trichomes.
- These appendages are categorized as glandular (with secretory functions) or non-glandular (other functions).
- Non-glandular trichomes have various structures: unicellular, multicellular uniseriate, multicellular biseriate, and multicellular multiseriate.
- Glandular trichomes have various structures (e.g., capitate, bicapitate, clavate).
Quiz Questions and Answer Key
- Quiz questions are provided but no answers are given. To generate answer keys, specific question content is required.
Note: Further details on specific plant tissues, cell types, and plant parts will necessitate the provision of the relevant diagrams or specific texts.
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Description
Explore key concepts from Lecture 2 on medicinal plants, focusing on cell structures and functions as related to pharmacognosy. Review the composition and roles of various organelles as they pertain to plant cells.
