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Questions and Answers
Which type of resource should ideally be consulted first when searching for drug-related information?
Which type of resource should ideally be consulted first when searching for drug-related information?
In what situation is it appropriate to use secondary and primary resources for drug information?
In what situation is it appropriate to use secondary and primary resources for drug information?
What is emphasized as a requirement from pharmacists in providing drug information?
What is emphasized as a requirement from pharmacists in providing drug information?
Which of the following is classified as a tertiary resource?
Which of the following is classified as a tertiary resource?
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What is one of the primary functions of a Drug Information Centre (DIC)?
What is one of the primary functions of a Drug Information Centre (DIC)?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of a Drug Information Centre (DIC)?
Which of the following is NOT a function of a Drug Information Centre (DIC)?
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What is a primary distinction between drug information centres and poison control centres?
What is a primary distinction between drug information centres and poison control centres?
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In which step of addressing a medication-related question do you classify the ultimate question?
In which step of addressing a medication-related question do you classify the ultimate question?
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Which of the following types of information is NOT typically assessed during the collection of patient background information?
Which of the following types of information is NOT typically assessed during the collection of patient background information?
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What is the ultimate aim of poison control centres in the population?
What is the ultimate aim of poison control centres in the population?
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Study Notes
Introduction
- Pharmacy is an information-heavy profession
- Pharmacists are health care professionals who practice pharmacy focusing on the safe and effective use of medications
- Pharmacists are drug information experts
- Drug information is the process of providing unbiased information on the safe and effective use of medications.
Types of drug information resources
- Primary resources
- Secondary resources
- Tertiary resources
- Best method to find drug information is a stepwise approach
- Tertiary resources
- Secondary resources
- Primary resources
Primary resources
- Original research articles
- Clinical trials
- Cohort studies
- Conference papers/posters
- Dissertations
- Patents
Secondary resources
- Review Articles
- Literature reviews
- Meta-analyses
- Guidelines
- Indexing sources
- Abstracting sources
Tertiary resources
- Textbooks
- Handbooks
- Drug compendia
- Reference books
Which Resources to Use?
- Use in backwards order from tertiary, then secondary, then primary
- Tertiary resources are appropriate when:
- Answer to a question is basic factual knowledge
- The question has been studied extensively and a conclusion has been reached
- Secondary and primary sources are appropriate when:
- A question is new or has never been studied
- There are varying opinions from experts
Drug Information Center (DIC)
- DIC is a center that provides drug information
- Services include:
- Collecting
- Reviewing
- Evaluating
- Indexing
- Distributing information on drugs to healthcare workers
- Types of DIC:
- Hospital-based
- Industry-based
- Community-based
Functions of DIC
- Answers healthcare professionals’ questions
- One of the 5 R’s: Right drug, Right dose, Right dosage form, Right route, Right patient
- Drug Interactions
- Availability / Substitute
- Drug identification
- Formulary decision
- Adverse drug reaction
- Investigational drug program
- Education and training
Poison Control Center
- Toxicology services provide information and advice about the diagnosis and treatment of poisoning
- Similar to DIC but differ in:
- More rapid response
- Require clinician beside pharmacist
- Best located within hospitals
Functions of Poison Control Center
- Respond to requests for information on the acute management of poisoning
- Know when to refer potentially severe cases
- Study the causes and incidence of poisoning in the population
- General aim is to reduce the incidence of poisoning in the population
Answering a Medication-Related Question
- There are various information resources to help answer questions about medications and pharmacy practices
- Basic steps:
- Identify the ultimate question
- Classify questions to make retrieval easier
- Use resources to answer questions
Seven Step Approach to Address Medication Related Questions
1. Obtain Requester Demographics
- Allows you to assess the level of understanding of the requester
- Consider if the requester is another health care provider or lay public
- Determine the best way to communicate: Phone, fax, or email
- Assess urgency of the request: Verbal or written response
2. Obtain Patient Background Information
- Gather patient information
- Age
- Gender
- Weight
- Specific medical diagnosis
- Relevant laboratory data
- Relevant past medical history, family, and social history
- Current medication list
- Prescription
- Nonprescription
- Herbal and natural
- Allergies
3. Identify and Classify the Ultimate Question
- The ultimate question is what you are trying to answer
- Common classifications:
- Adverse effects
- Therapeutic use
- Pharmacokinetics
- Dosing/administration
- Drug interaction
- Availability
4. Systematic Search for Information
- Consult at least two (preferably more) tertiary sources
- Look for the most updated resource
- Check for lag time between when information was prepared and published
5. Evaluate and Analyze Information Found
- Evaluate the information that was found:
- Was the appropriate resource used?
- Was the resource updated?
- Does the information found cover the needs of the requester?
- Will the information be fully understood?
- Is the patient problem solved?
6. Provide Response
- Response should consider the level of the requester
- Use good communication skills
- Verbal response:
- Confident, clear, and use correct pronunciation
- Keep a dialogue to allow new questions to arise and then try to answer them
7. Follow-Up and Document
- Follow-up is necessary, especially if a primary resource was used and a new publication arises
- Documentation is necessary for clinician responsibility and patient care provision
- Document:
- The question
- Requester's contact information
- The response
- The reference used
Practice Questions
1.
- Clinician asks: “What is the risk of taking lisinopril during pregnancy?"
- Additional background questions you should ask:
- Is patient currently pregnant or planning to become pregnant?
- What is the lisinopril being used to treat?
- What trimester is the patient in and when during the pregnancy did she receive lisinopril?
- How long has the patient received lisinopril and at what dose?
2.
- Physician has a patient taking insulin and wants to know the incidence of a hypersensitivity reaction to insulin
- Which additional questions would you ask the physician?
- Did the patient experience a hypersensitivity reaction while using insulin?
- What other medications was the patient taking when the hypersensitivity reaction occurred?
- What type of insulin is the patient taking?
- How long has the patient been taking the insulin and any other medications?
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Description
Explore the various types of drug information resources essential for pharmacists. This quiz will guide you through primary, secondary, and tertiary resources, highlighting their significance in ensuring safe medication use. Test your knowledge on how to effectively utilize these resources.
