Pharmacotherapy of Cardiovascular Diseases: Hypertension Management

Hypertension (HTN) is also known as High Blood Pressure (HBP). BP = CO x TPR. CO stands for Cardiac Output and TPR stands for Total Peripheral ________.

Stroke volume is influenced by cardiac preload, cardiac afterload, and _________.

Excess sodium intake and renal sodium retention can lead to increased fluid volume, impacting cardiac preload and ultimately affecting stroke volume. This mechanism is associated with the pathogenesis of _________.

In hypertension management, lifestyle modifications such as dietary changes to reduce sodium intake can help in controlling blood pressure. Sodium intake restriction helps in preventing excess fluid volume, thus reducing cardiac preload and overall blood pressure. This approach is particularly important in the treatment of _________.

Antihypertensive medications like calcium channel blockers work by reducing total peripheral resistance, thus lowering blood pressure. These drugs are commonly used in the treatment of _________.

Beta-blockers are a class of antihypertensive drugs that work by reducing heart rate and contractility. These medications are effective in managing high blood pressure by decreasing cardiac output. Beta-blockers are commonly prescribed in the treatment of _________.

_______ is a first-line agent recommended by the 2017 ACC/AHA Guidelines for hypertension management.

Patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) are automatically classified as high risk according to the ACC/AHA Guidelines due to their condition, placing them in the _______ category.

The 2017 ACC/AHA Guidelines recommend _______ as a first-line agent for hypertension management.

_______ are used as first-line agents for hypertension management according to the 2017 ACC/AHA Guidelines.

It is important to monitor for adverse effects when using _______ for hypertension management.

The 2017 ACC/AHA Guidelines recommend using _______ equations for risk assessment in hypertension management.

Consider initiation of 2 antihypertensive agents of different classes for patients with stage 2 hypertension, especially if BP is ≥150/90 mm Hg. Step 1: 1st line agent could be ACEI, ARBs, CCB, or ____________.

In elderly patients (age >55-65 yr) and Blacks, the preferred 1st line antihypertensive agents are CCB or ____________.

If blood pressure goal isn’t achieved despite adequate adherence, the therapy should be titrated up in a stepwise approach. Step 2: Either maximize the dose of the 1st agent or add a ____________ agent.

In hypertension management, if still not controlled after adding a 3rd agent, which is considered resistant hypertension, a 4th agent such as a beta-blocker, alpha-blocker, or aldosterone antagonist may be added. This step is known as Step ____________.

Strategies to dose antihypertensive drugs include starting with one drug, titrating to the maximum dose, and then adding a ____________ drug.

For patients with blood pressure ≥150/90 mmHg above their goal, beginning with 2 drugs at the same time may be recommended. If the goal BP is not achieved with 2 drugs, a ____________ drug may be added.