Pharmacotherapy of Dyslipidemia
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary defect in homozygous and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia?

  • Inability to synthesize cholesterol
  • Inability to bind LDLC to LDLC receptors (correct)
  • Elevated levels of triglycerides
  • Increased biosynthesis of HDL

    • What is a consequence of hyperlipidemia?

  • Increased HDL levels
  • Reduced risk of premature ASCVD
  • Elevated blood levels of lipoproteins (correct)
  • Decreased triglyceride levels

    • What is the goal of treating hyperlipidemia?

  • To reduce mortality and CHD events by reducing TC and LDL, and increasing HDL (correct)
  • To elevate triglyceride levels
  • To increase LDL levels
  • To decrease HDL levels

    • What type of dyslipidemia is caused by genetic defects?

    <p>Primary dyslipidemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of primary dyslipidemias?

    <p>They have an increased risk of premature ASCVD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial management approach for secondary dyslipidemias?

    <p>Correcting underlying abnormality when possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can affect lipid levels?

    <p>Excessive intake of carbohydrates or saturated fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of medication that can affect lipid levels?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Thiazide diuretics on cholesterol levels?

    <p>↑5–7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of β-blockers have a greater effect on lipid profiles?

    <p>Selective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of α-Agonists and antagonists on HDL-C levels?

    <p>↑0–15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Oral contraceptives (α-Monophasics) on triglycerides?

    <p>↑10–45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Ethanol on HDL-C levels?

    <p>↑</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Isotretinoin on triglycerides?

    <p>↑50–60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Cyclosporine on HDL-C levels?

    <p>No change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of patients with ASCVD?

    <p>Most patients are asymptomatic for years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central role of cholesterol in the body?

    <p>plays a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipoprotein particles in the body?

    <p>to transport lipids in the plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the oxidation of LDL particles in vessel walls?

    <p>reduced ability of the endothelium to dilate the artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the collective term for coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral arterial disease?

    <p>atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor associated with lipid abnormalities?

    <p>increased risk of coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral arterial disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process initiated by the migration of LDL particles into vessel walls?

    <p>atherogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of macrophages taking up oxidized LDL particles?

    <p>endothelial cell dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal levels of lipids in the blood?

    <p>dyslipidemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age criterion for measuring fasting lipoprotein profile?

    <p>20 years of age or older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for measuring fasting lipoprotein profile in adults?

    <p>Every 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for total cholesterol?

    <p>Milligrams per deciliter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the 10-year ASCVD risk?

    <p>To determine the risk of cardiovascular disease in primary prevention situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of non-fasting on triglyceride levels?

    <p>Triglyceride levels are increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL levels after a 12-hour fast?

    <p>To get accurate measurements of triglyceride levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholesterol is a water-soluble molecule in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atherosclerosis is a sudden process initiated by the migration of LDL particles into vessel walls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipid abnormalities decrease the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Triglycerides are one of the major lipids in the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipoprotein particles are used to transport water-soluble molecules in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endothelial cell dysfunction is a result of macrophages taking up oxidized LDL particles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholesterol plays a minor role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ASCVD is a collective term for coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral arterial disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevated high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a characteristic of hyperlipidemia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary dyslipidemias are caused by underlying abnormality, such as diabetes or hypothyroidism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reducing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) reduces mortality and CHD events.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    β-blockers are a type of medication that can decrease lipid levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary goal of treating hyperlipidemia is to reduce triglycerides.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a type of secondary dyslipidemia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucocorticoids can decrease lipid levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary dyslipidemias have a lower risk of premature ASCVD.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thiazide diuretics initially decrease triglycerides by 30-50%

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective β-blockers have a greater effect on lipid profiles than nonselective β-blockers

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    α-Agonists and antagonists increase cholesterol levels by 10-20%

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oral contraceptives (α-Monophasics) decrease triglycerides by 10-20%

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethanol consumption decreases HDL-C levels

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isotretinoin decreases triglycerides by 10-20%

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cyclosporine decreases HDL-C levels

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most patients with ASCVD are symptomatic from an early stage

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chest pain is a symptom of anxiety.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A total cholesterol level of 190 mg/dL is considered normal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevated triglyceride levels are not affected by fasting.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 10-year ASCVD risk is calculated in primary prevention situations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HDL-C levels are typically elevated in individuals with hyperlipidemia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All adults 18 years of age or older should have their fasting lipoprotein profile measured at least once every 5 years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central role of cholesterol in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Cholesterol plays a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of lipoprotein particles in the body?

    <p>Lipids are transported by lipoprotein particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the oxidation of LDL particles in vessel walls?

    <p>Oxidized LDL particles are taken up by macrophages, inducing endothelial cell dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the collective term for coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral arterial disease?

    <p>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor associated with lipid abnormalities?

    <p>Increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process initiated by the migration of LDL particles into vessel walls?

    <p>Atherogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of macrophages taking up oxidized LDL particles?

    <p>Induction of endothelial cell dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for abnormal levels of lipids in the blood?

    <p>Dyslipidemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipoprotein particles in the body, and how do they relate to hyperlipidemia?

    <p>Lipoprotein particles transport lipids, including cholesterol and triglycerides, in the bloodstream. In hyperlipidemia, there are elevated blood levels of lipoproteins, leading to an increased risk of atherosclerosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do primary dyslipidemias differ from secondary dyslipidemias, and what is the initial management approach for the latter?

    <p>Primary dyslipidemias are caused by genetic defects, whereas secondary dyslipidemias are caused by underlying conditions or medications. The initial management approach for secondary dyslipidemias is to correct the underlying abnormality when possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of LDL and HDL in the context of hyperlipidemia, and how do they relate to cardiovascular disease?

    <p>LDL (bad cholesterol) is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk, while HDL (good cholesterol) is associated with decreased risk. Elevated LDL and reduced HDL are characteristic of hyperlipidemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of medications that can affect lipid levels, and how do they impact cardiovascular disease risk?

    <p>Examples include thiazide diuretics, progestins, glucocorticoids, β-blockers, isotretinoin, and cyclosporine. These medications can increase lipid levels, thereby increasing cardiovascular disease risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between lipoprotein abnormalities and atherosclerosis, and how do these relate to cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Lipoprotein abnormalities, such as elevated LDL and triglycerides, contribute to atherosclerosis, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key differences between homozygous and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, and how do they impact cardiovascular disease risk?

    <p>Both types are characterized by the inability to bind LDL to LDL receptors, leading to elevated cholesterol levels. Homozygous FH has a more severe phenotype, with earlier onset and higher cardiovascular disease risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lifestyle modifications, such as excessive alcohol use and weight gain, impact lipid levels and cardiovascular disease risk?

    <p>Excessive alcohol use and weight gain can elevate triglycerides and lower HDL, increasing cardiovascular disease risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ASCVD in the context of hyperlipidemia, and how is it related to lipoprotein abnormalities?

    <p>ASCVD (atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease) is a major consequence of hyperlipidemia, and lipoprotein abnormalities, such as elevated LDL and triglycerides, contribute to its development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of loop diuretics on HDL-C levels?

    <p>↓ to 15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of nonselective β-blockers on triglycerides?

    <p>↑20-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of α-Blocking β-blockers on lipid profiles?

    <p>No change or ↓</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of α-Triphasics oral contraceptives on triglycerides?

    <p>↑10-15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of glucocorticoids on triglycerides?

    <p>↑15-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ethanol on triglycerides?

    <p>↑up to 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of isotretinoin on cholesterol levels?

    <p>↑5-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cyclosporine on cholesterol levels?

    <p>↑15-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms that may indicate acute coronary syndrome?

    <p>Chest pain, palpitations, sweating, anxiety, shortness of breath, loss of consciousness, difficulty with speech or movement, or abdominal pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for measuring fasting lipoprotein profile in adults aged 20 years or older?

    <p>At least once every 5 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is elevated in laboratory tests for individuals with hyperlipidemia?

    <p>Total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, apo-lipoprotein B, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the 10-year ASCVD risk?

    <p>To assess the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to measure plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL levels after a 12-hour fast?

    <p>Because triglycerides may be elevated in non-fasting individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for total cholesterol?

    <p>Milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipoprotein abnormalities (dyslipidemia) include > 1 of the following: Elevated total ______&(TC)

    <p>cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In homozygous and heterozygous familial ______ (FH), the primary defect is the inability to bind LDLC to LDLC receptors.

    <p>hypercholesterolemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Several drug classes and habits may affect lipid levels, including ______ alcohol use.

    <p>excessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevated ______ levels are a characteristic of hyperlipidemia.

    <p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipoprotein particles are used to transport ______ molecules in the body.

    <p>lipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary goal of treating hyperlipidemia is to reduce ______ and CHD events.

    <p>mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary dyslipidemias should be initially managed by correcting the underlying ______ when possible.

    <p>abnormality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperlipidemia may lead to ______ blood levels of lipoproteins (cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids).

    <p>elevated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids are the major ______ in the body

    <p>lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids are relatively ______ insoluble molecules in the body

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atherogenesis is a progressive process initiated by the migration of ______ lipoprotein into vessel walls

    <p>LDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipid abnormalities increase the risk of ______ cardiovascular disease

    <p>atherosclerotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholesterol plays the central role in the pathogenesis of ______

    <p>atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids are transported by ______ particles

    <p>lipoprotein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The collective term for coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral arterial disease is ______

    <p>ASCVD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary dyslipidemias are caused by ______ defects

    <p>genetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thiazide diuretics increase cholesterol levels by ______ initially

    <p>5-7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Loop diuretics have no change in ______ levels

    <p>triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shortness of breath is a symptom of ______ in patients with cardiovascular disease.

    <p>anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nonselective β-blockers increase ______ levels by 20-50%

    <p>triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fasting lipoprotein profile should be measured in all adults ______ years of age or older at least once every 5 years.

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    α-Blocking effects have no change or ______ in cholesterol levels

    <p>decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oral contraceptives (α-Monophasics) increase ______ levels by 10-45%

    <p>triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the total cholesterol is greater than ______ mg/dL (>5.17 mmol/L), a second determination is recommended.

    <p>200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethanol can increase ______ levels by up to 50%

    <p>triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Laboratory tests may show elevated ______ and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP).

    <p>TC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Triglycerides may be elevated in ______ individuals.

    <p>non-fasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isotretinoin increases ______ levels by 50-60%

    <p>triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cyclosporine increases ______ levels by 15-20%

    <p>cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 10-year ______ risk is calculated in primary prevention situations.

    <p>ASCVD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with their possible association with acute coronary syndrome:

    <p>Chest pain = Typical symptom Palpitations = Possible symptom Sweating = Common symptom Difficulty with speech or movement = Atypical symptom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following laboratory tests with their possible results in hyperlipidemia:

    <p>Total cholesterol = Elevated HDL-C = Low Triglycerides = Elevated hs-CRP = High</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lipids with their measurement units:

    <p>Total cholesterol = Milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) LDL-C = Milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) Triglycerides = Milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) HDL-C = Milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>ASCVD = Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Dyslipidemia = Abnormal levels of lipids in the blood Hyperlipidemia = Elevated levels of lipids in the blood Hypothyroidism = Underlying abnormality causing dyslipidemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following frequencies with their recommendations:

    <p>Fasting lipoprotein profile measurement = At least once every 5 years Triglyceride level measurement = After a 12-hour fast Cholesterol level measurement = After a 12-hour fast HDL-C level measurement = After a 12-hour fast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their effects on lipid levels:

    <p>Fasting = Does not significantly affect total cholesterol levels Non-fasting = Elevates triglyceride levels Thiazide diuretics = Increases triglyceride levels Ethanol = Increases HDL-C levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lipoprotein disorders with their characteristics:

    <p>Primary dyslipidemia = Genetic defects resulting in hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and disorders of HDL metabolism Secondary dyslipidemia = Initially managed by correcting underlying abnormality when possible Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) = Inability to bind LDL-C to LDL-C receptors Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia = Lack of LDL-C degradation by cells and unregulated biosynthesis of cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their effects on lipid levels:

    <p>Excessive alcohol use = Increases triglycerides Thiazide diuretics = Increases cholesterol levels Glucocorticoids = Increases triglycerides Progestins = Increases cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their effects on lipid levels:

    <p>β-blockers = Increases triglycerides Isotretinoin = Increases triglycerides Cyclosporine = Increases triglycerides Sirolimus = Increases triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lipoprotein abnormalities with their characteristics:

    <p>Elevated total cholesterol = Increases risk of premature ASCVD Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) = Increases risk of premature ASCVD Elevated triglycerides = Increases risk of premature ASCVD Reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) = Increases risk of premature ASCVD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their effects on lipid levels:

    <p>Weight gain = Increases triglycerides Excessive intake of carbohydrates = Increases triglycerides Excessive intake of saturated fat = Increases cholesterol levels Diabetes = Increases triglycerides and cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lipoprotein disorders with their risks:

    <p>Primary dyslipidemia = Increased risk of premature ASCVD Secondary dyslipidemia = Lower risk of premature ASCVD Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) = Increased risk of premature ASCVD Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia = Increased risk of premature ASCVD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following measures with their effects on CHD events:

    <p>↓ TC (total cholesterol) = Reduces mortality and CHD events ↓ LDL (low-density lipoprotein) = Reduces mortality and CHD events ↑ HDL (high-density lipoprotein) = Reduces mortality and CHD events ↓ TG (triglycerides) = No effect on mortality and CHD events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lipoprotein disorders with their management approaches:

    <p>Primary dyslipidemia = Lifestyle modifications and medications Secondary dyslipidemia = Correcting underlying abnormality when possible Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) = Lifestyle modifications and medications Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia = Lifestyle modifications and medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the lipids with their characteristic:

    <p>Cholesterol = Plays a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis Triglycerides = One of the major lipids in the body Phospholipids = Major lipids in the body Lipoprotein = Transport lipids in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the disease with its cause:

    <p>ASCVD = Lipid abnormalities Atherosclerosis = Migration of LDL into vessel walls Hyperlipidemia = Imbalance of lipids in the blood Hypothyroidism = Secondary dyslipidemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its definition:

    <p>Atherosclerosis = Progressive process initiated by LDL particles in vessel walls ASCVD = Collective term for coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral arterial disease Hyperlipidemia = Abnormal levels of lipids in the blood Dyslipidemia = Imbalance of lipids in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the process with its outcome:

    <p>Oxidation of LDL particles = Endothelial cell dysfunction Migration of LDL particles = Atherosclerosis Macrophages taking up oxidized LDL particles = Inflammation Lipid abnormalities = ASCVD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of dyslipidemia with its characteristic:

    <p>Primary dyslipidemia = Caused by genetic defects Secondary dyslipidemia = Caused by underlying abnormality, such as diabetes Familial hypercholesterolemia = Caused by genetic defects Hypothyroidism = Caused by underlying abnormality, such as diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the medication with its effect on lipids:

    <p>Thiazide diuretics = Increase triglycerides β-blockers = Increase triglycerides and decrease HDL-C Glucocorticoids = Increase triglycerides and decrease HDL-C Oral contraceptives (α-Monophasics) = Decrease triglycerides and HDL-C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its description:

    <p>Lipoprotein particles = Transport cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids in the body LDL particles = Low-density lipoprotein particles HDL particles = High-density lipoprotein particles ASCVD risk = 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the process with its result:

    <p>Atherogenesis = Endothelial cell dysfunction and inflammation Lipid abnormalities = ASCVD Macrophages taking up oxidized LDL particles = Inflammation and foam cell formation Oxidation of LDL particles = Inflammation and foam cell formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their effect on cholesterol levels:

    <p>Thiazides = ↑5–7% initially, ↑0–3% later β-blockers (Nonselective) = No change α-Blocking = No change or ↓ Glucocorticoids = ↑5–10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their effect on triglycerides:

    <p>Diuretics (Loop) = No change β-blockers (Selective) = ↑15–30 Ethanol = ↑up to 50 Isotretinoin = ↑50–60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their effect on HDL-C levels:

    <p>Thiazides = ↑1 β-blockers (Nonselective) = ↓10–15 α-Agonists and antagonists = ↑0–15 Cyclosporine = No change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their comments:

    <p>Diuretics (Thiazides) = Effects transient; monitor for long-term effects β-blockers = Selective β-blockers have greater effects than nonselective α-Blocking = Lipid neutral Oral contraceptives (α-Monophasics) = Effects caused by reduced lipolytic activity and/or ↑VLDL synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their effects on triglycerides and HDL-C levels:

    <p>Oral contraceptives (α-Triphasics) = ↑10–15 and ↑5–10 Glucocorticoids = ↑15–20 and No change Isotretinoin = ↑50–60 and ↓10–15 Ethanol = ↑up to 50 and ↑</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their effects on cholesterol levels:

    <p>Cyclosporine = ↑15–20 Isotretinoin = ↑5–20 Glucocorticoids = ↑5–10 α-Blocking = No change or ↓</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their effects on triglycerides levels:

    <p>Oral contraceptives (α-Monophasics) = ↑10–45 Oral contraceptives (α-Triphasics) = ↑10–15 β-blockers (Selective) = ↑15–30 Ethanol = ↑up to 50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their effects on HDL-C levels:

    <p>Oral contraceptives (α-Monophasics) = ↑15 to ↓15 Oral contraceptives (α-Triphasics) = ↑5–10 Isotretinoin = ↓10–15 Ethanol = ↑</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Dyslipidemia and Hyperlipidemia

    • Cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids are the major lipids in the body, with cholesterol playing a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
    • Lipids are relatively water-insoluble molecules, transported by lipoprotein particles in the plasma.

    Atherogenesis

    • Atherogenesis is a progressive process initiated by the migration of LDL+ lipoprotein into vessel walls, undergoing oxidation and being taken up by macrophages, inducing endothelial cell dysfunction and a prothrombotic state.

    Lipid Abnormalities and Clinical Outcomes

    • Lipid abnormalities increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVA), peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and collectively, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).
    • Lipoprotein abnormalities (dyslipidemia) include elevated total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

    Lipoprotein Disorders

    • Primary dyslipidemia includes genetic defects resulting in hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and disorders of HDL metabolism, leading to an increased risk of premature ASCVD.
    • Secondary dyslipidemia should be initially managed by correcting underlying abnormalities, such as excessive alcohol use, weight gain, or certain medications.

    Effects of Drugs on Lipids

    • Various drugs, including diuretics, β-blockers, oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids, and isotretinoin, can affect lipid levels, with some causing increased cholesterol and triglycerides, while others may decrease HDL.

    Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis

    • Most patients with dyslipidemia are asymptomatic for years before developing ASCVD, which may produce symptoms such as chest pain, palpitations, and shortness of breath.
    • Diagnosis involves measuring fasting lipoprotein profiles, including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides, and calculating the 10-year ASCVD risk in primary prevention situations.

    Laboratory Tests

    • Laboratory tests may show elevated total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, apo-lipoprotein B, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and decreased HDL-C.
    • Other baseline tests, such as AST/ALT, TSH, glucose, serum creatinine, BUN, and urinalysis, should be performed.

    Dyslipidemia and Hyperlipidemia

    • Cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids are the major lipids in the body, with cholesterol playing a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
    • Lipids are relatively water-insoluble molecules, transported by lipoprotein particles in the plasma.

    Atherogenesis

    • Atherogenesis is a progressive process initiated by the migration of LDL+ lipoprotein into vessel walls, undergoing oxidation and being taken up by macrophages, inducing endothelial cell dysfunction and a prothrombotic state.

    Lipid Abnormalities and Clinical Outcomes

    • Lipid abnormalities increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVA), peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and collectively, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).
    • Lipoprotein abnormalities (dyslipidemia) include elevated total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

    Lipoprotein Disorders

    • Primary dyslipidemia includes genetic defects resulting in hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and disorders of HDL metabolism, leading to an increased risk of premature ASCVD.
    • Secondary dyslipidemia should be initially managed by correcting underlying abnormalities, such as excessive alcohol use, weight gain, or certain medications.

    Effects of Drugs on Lipids

    • Various drugs, including diuretics, β-blockers, oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids, and isotretinoin, can affect lipid levels, with some causing increased cholesterol and triglycerides, while others may decrease HDL.

    Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis

    • Most patients with dyslipidemia are asymptomatic for years before developing ASCVD, which may produce symptoms such as chest pain, palpitations, and shortness of breath.
    • Diagnosis involves measuring fasting lipoprotein profiles, including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides, and calculating the 10-year ASCVD risk in primary prevention situations.

    Laboratory Tests

    • Laboratory tests may show elevated total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, apo-lipoprotein B, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and decreased HDL-C.
    • Other baseline tests, such as AST/ALT, TSH, glucose, serum creatinine, BUN, and urinalysis, should be performed.

    Dyslipidemia and Hyperlipidemia

    • Cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids are the major lipids in the body, with cholesterol playing a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
    • Lipids are relatively water-insoluble molecules, transported by lipoprotein particles in the plasma.

    Atherogenesis

    • Atherogenesis is a progressive process initiated by the migration of LDL+ lipoprotein into vessel walls, undergoing oxidation and being taken up by macrophages, inducing endothelial cell dysfunction and a prothrombotic state.

    Lipid Abnormalities and Clinical Outcomes

    • Lipid abnormalities increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVA), peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and collectively, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).
    • Lipoprotein abnormalities (dyslipidemia) include elevated total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

    Lipoprotein Disorders

    • Primary dyslipidemia includes genetic defects resulting in hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and disorders of HDL metabolism, leading to an increased risk of premature ASCVD.
    • Secondary dyslipidemia should be initially managed by correcting underlying abnormalities, such as excessive alcohol use, weight gain, or certain medications.

    Effects of Drugs on Lipids

    • Various drugs, including diuretics, β-blockers, oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids, and isotretinoin, can affect lipid levels, with some causing increased cholesterol and triglycerides, while others may decrease HDL.

    Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis

    • Most patients with dyslipidemia are asymptomatic for years before developing ASCVD, which may produce symptoms such as chest pain, palpitations, and shortness of breath.
    • Diagnosis involves measuring fasting lipoprotein profiles, including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides, and calculating the 10-year ASCVD risk in primary prevention situations.

    Laboratory Tests

    • Laboratory tests may show elevated total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, apo-lipoprotein B, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and decreased HDL-C.
    • Other baseline tests, such as AST/ALT, TSH, glucose, serum creatinine, BUN, and urinalysis, should be performed.

    Dyslipidemia and Hyperlipidemia

    • Cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids are the major lipids in the body, with cholesterol playing a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
    • Lipids are relatively water-insoluble molecules, transported by lipoprotein particles in the plasma.

    Atherogenesis

    • Atherogenesis is a progressive process initiated by the migration of LDL+ lipoprotein into vessel walls, undergoing oxidation and being taken up by macrophages, inducing endothelial cell dysfunction and a prothrombotic state.

    Lipid Abnormalities and Clinical Outcomes

    • Lipid abnormalities increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVA), peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and collectively, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).
    • Lipoprotein abnormalities (dyslipidemia) include elevated total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

    Lipoprotein Disorders

    • Primary dyslipidemia includes genetic defects resulting in hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and disorders of HDL metabolism, leading to an increased risk of premature ASCVD.
    • Secondary dyslipidemia should be initially managed by correcting underlying abnormalities, such as excessive alcohol use, weight gain, or certain medications.

    Effects of Drugs on Lipids

    • Various drugs, including diuretics, β-blockers, oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids, and isotretinoin, can affect lipid levels, with some causing increased cholesterol and triglycerides, while others may decrease HDL.

    Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis

    • Most patients with dyslipidemia are asymptomatic for years before developing ASCVD, which may produce symptoms such as chest pain, palpitations, and shortness of breath.
    • Diagnosis involves measuring fasting lipoprotein profiles, including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides, and calculating the 10-year ASCVD risk in primary prevention situations.

    Laboratory Tests

    • Laboratory tests may show elevated total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, apo-lipoprotein B, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and decreased HDL-C.
    • Other baseline tests, such as AST/ALT, TSH, glucose, serum creatinine, BUN, and urinalysis, should be performed.

    Dyslipidemia and Hyperlipidemia

    • Cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids are the major lipids in the body, with cholesterol playing a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
    • Lipids are relatively water-insoluble molecules, transported by lipoprotein particles in the plasma.

    Atherogenesis

    • Atherogenesis is a progressive process initiated by the migration of LDL+ lipoprotein into vessel walls, undergoing oxidation and being taken up by macrophages, inducing endothelial cell dysfunction and a prothrombotic state.

    Lipid Abnormalities and Clinical Outcomes

    • Lipid abnormalities increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVA), peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and collectively, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).
    • Lipoprotein abnormalities (dyslipidemia) include elevated total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

    Lipoprotein Disorders

    • Primary dyslipidemia includes genetic defects resulting in hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and disorders of HDL metabolism, leading to an increased risk of premature ASCVD.
    • Secondary dyslipidemia should be initially managed by correcting underlying abnormalities, such as excessive alcohol use, weight gain, or certain medications.

    Effects of Drugs on Lipids

    • Various drugs, including diuretics, β-blockers, oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids, and isotretinoin, can affect lipid levels, with some causing increased cholesterol and triglycerides, while others may decrease HDL.

    Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis

    • Most patients with dyslipidemia are asymptomatic for years before developing ASCVD, which may produce symptoms such as chest pain, palpitations, and shortness of breath.
    • Diagnosis involves measuring fasting lipoprotein profiles, including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides, and calculating the 10-year ASCVD risk in primary prevention situations.

    Laboratory Tests

    • Laboratory tests may show elevated total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, apo-lipoprotein B, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and decreased HDL-C.
    • Other baseline tests, such as AST/ALT, TSH, glucose, serum creatinine, BUN, and urinalysis, should be performed.

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    Dyslipidemia Updated Guidelines 2021 ACCP PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the background, diagnosis, treatment, and management of dyslipidemia, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. It also touches on hyperlipidemia, low HDL, and core treatments.

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