32 Questions
What is the leading cause of disability in the U.S. for ages 15-44?
Depression
What is the lifetime prevalence of depression in women compared to men?
Twice the rate
What percentage of depressed people are likely to commit suicide?
15%
What is the total economic toll of depression in the U.S. annually?
$100 billion
What is the Monoamine hypothesis related to?
Depression
Which neurotransmitter system is discussed in the objectives related to depression?
Serotonergic system
Which co-morbidities occur more frequently in women?
Anxiety disorders and eating disorders
What do women respond better to in terms of treatment for depression?
Serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
What enzyme is responsible for metabolizing the neurotransmitter monoamine?
MAO
Which neurotransmitter deficiency can cause depression?
Serotonin (5-HT)
What is implicated in the alterations in the norepinephrine (NE) system in depression?
α2-adrenergic autoreceptors and decreased NE transporter binding sites
What is associated with an increased risk of developing mood disorders?
Experiencing significant life events at an early age
What is often disrupted in patients with depression?
Circadian rhythms
What gets shorter as the night goes on in depressed patients?
REM periods
"Stress-induced psychiatric disorders" involve which axis?
"Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA)" Axis
Where are the CRH axons/terminals localized in human brain?
Locus Coeruleus and raphe n.
What does the term 'neuraxis' refer to in the context of neuroanatomy?
A line beginning at the base of the spinal cord and ending at the front of the brain
Which component is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) according to the text?
Sympathetic division
What is the role of the somatic nervous system in the nervous system?
Controls voluntary muscles
Which division of the autonomic system is responsible for 'rest and digest' functions?
Parasympathetic division
Where are the soma of sensory afferent nerves located?
Dorsal root ganglia
Which part of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?
Central nervous system (CNS)
Which division of the autonomic nervous system dominates during times of stress, excitement, and exertion?
Sympathetic division
Where are the soma of efferent parasympathetic neurons located?
In the brain
What is the function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Decrease respiration
Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Acetylcholine
What do several cranial nerves innervate, making them part of the autonomic nervous system?
Glands and organs
Which layer of tissue covers and protects the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system stimulate during times of stress?
Heart rate
Where do the axons of efferent sympathetic nerves synapse with cells?
Near the spinal cord
What is regulated by the autonomic nervous system?
Digestion and blood pressure
What is characteristic of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons?
Are quite short and release acetylcholine
This quiz covers the mechanism of action of antidepressants, including the monoamine hypothesis of depression, pathophysiology of depression, and neurotransmitter systems. It also discusses major depressive disorder (MDD) and its impact as a chronic and potentially life-threatening illness affecting millions of people globally.
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