Pharmacotherapy IX (PHAR 9969): CNS Module Lecture 01-10-24 Antidepressants MOA
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Questions and Answers

What is the leading cause of disability in the U.S. for ages 15-44?

  • Depression (correct)
  • Schizophrenia
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Bipolar disorder

What is the lifetime prevalence of depression in women compared to men?

  • Twice the rate (correct)
  • Three times higher
  • Half the rate
  • Equal

What percentage of depressed people are likely to commit suicide?

  • 20%
  • 15% (correct)
  • 5%
  • 10%

What is the total economic toll of depression in the U.S. annually?

<p>$100 billion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Monoamine hypothesis related to?

<p>Depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter system is discussed in the objectives related to depression?

<p>Serotonergic system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which co-morbidities occur more frequently in women?

<p>Anxiety disorders and eating disorders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do women respond better to in terms of treatment for depression?

<p>Serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is responsible for metabolizing the neurotransmitter monoamine?

<p>MAO (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter deficiency can cause depression?

<p>Serotonin (5-HT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implicated in the alterations in the norepinephrine (NE) system in depression?

<p>α2-adrenergic autoreceptors and decreased NE transporter binding sites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with an increased risk of developing mood disorders?

<p>Experiencing significant life events at an early age (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often disrupted in patients with depression?

<p>Circadian rhythms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gets shorter as the night goes on in depressed patients?

<p>REM periods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Stress-induced psychiatric disorders" involve which axis?

<p>&quot;Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA)&quot; Axis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the CRH axons/terminals localized in human brain?

<p>Locus Coeruleus and raphe n. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'neuraxis' refer to in the context of neuroanatomy?

<p>A line beginning at the base of the spinal cord and ending at the front of the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) according to the text?

<p>Sympathetic division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the somatic nervous system in the nervous system?

<p>Controls voluntary muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic system is responsible for 'rest and digest' functions?

<p>Parasympathetic division (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the soma of sensory afferent nerves located?

<p>Dorsal root ganglia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?

<p>Central nervous system (CNS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system dominates during times of stress, excitement, and exertion?

<p>Sympathetic division (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the soma of efferent parasympathetic neurons located?

<p>In the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Decrease respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic sympathetic neurons?

<p>Acetylcholine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do several cranial nerves innervate, making them part of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Glands and organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of tissue covers and protects the brain and spinal cord?

<p>Meninges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system stimulate during times of stress?

<p>Heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the axons of efferent sympathetic nerves synapse with cells?

<p>Near the spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is regulated by the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Digestion and blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons?

<p>Are quite short and release acetylcholine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Leading Cause of Disability 15-44

Depression is the leading cause of disability in the U.S. for individuals aged 15 to 44.

Depression Prevalence in Women

Women are twice as likely as men to experience depression in their lifetime.

Suicide Risk with Depression

A significant 15% of people with depression are at risk of committing suicide.

Economic Impact of Depression

Depression carries a massive annual economic burden in the U.S., estimated at $100 billion.

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Monoamine Hypothesis

The Monoamine hypothesis attempts to explain the cause of depression by focusing on the role of neurotransmitters.

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Serotonergic System in Depression

The Serotonergic system, which involves the neurotransmitter serotonin, plays a significant role in depression.

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Co-morbidities in Women

Women tend to experience anxiety disorders and eating disorders more frequently than men alongside depression.

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SSRI Effectiveness in Women

Serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often more effective in treating depression in women.

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MAO and Neurotransmitter Breakdown

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine.

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Serotonin Deficiency

Low levels of serotonin (5-HT) can contribute to depression.

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NE System Alterations

Alterations in the norepinephrine (NE) system, involving α2-adrenergic autoreceptors and decreased NE transporter binding, are implicated in depression.

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Early Life Events and Mood Disorders

Experiencing significant life events early in life can increase the likelihood of developing mood disorders.

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Circadian Rhythm Disruption

Patients with depression often experience disruptions in their circadian rhythms, their natural sleep-wake cycle.

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Shortened REM Periods

REM sleep periods become shorter throughout the night in depressed patients.

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HPA Axis and Depression

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis is involved in stress-induced psychiatric disorders.

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CRH Locations in Brain

CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) axons/terminals are found in specific brain regions like the Locus Coeruleus and raphe nucleus.

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Neuraxis

The neuraxis refers to a line extending from the base of the spinal cord to the front of the brain, representing the central nervous system.

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Sympathetic Division

The Sympathetic division is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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Somatic Nervous System

The Somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscles, allowing for conscious movement.

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Parasympathetic Division

The Parasympathetic division is responsible for 'rest and digest' functions, promoting relaxation and energy conservation.

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Sensory Afferent Nerve Soma

The soma of sensory afferent nerves, which carry information from the body to the brain, are located in the Dorsal root ganglia.

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Central Nervous System

The Central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord, serving as the command center of the nervous system.

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Sympathetic Dominance

The Sympathetic division dominates during times of stress, excitement, and exertion, preparing the body for action.

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Parasympathetic Neuron Soma

The soma of efferent parasympathetic neurons, which carry signals from the brain to organs, are located in the brain.

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Parasympathetic Respiration

The Parasympathetic division helps decrease respiration, promoting calmness and relaxation.

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Sympathetic Neurotransmitter

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons release acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.

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Cranial Nerve Innervations

Several cranial nerves innervate glands and organs, making them part of the autonomic nervous system, controlling vital functions without conscious effort.

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Meninges

The Meninges are layers of tissue covering and protecting the brain and spinal cord, providing structural support and cushioning.

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Sympathetic Heart Rate

The sympathetic division stimulates heart rate during times of stress, preparing the body for action.

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Sympathetic Axon Synapse

Axons of efferent sympathetic nerves synapse with cells near the spinal cord, relaying signals to target organs.

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Autonomic Nervous System Regulation

The autonomic nervous system regulates functions like digestion and blood pressure, controlling vital bodily processes without conscious effort.

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Parasympathetic Postganglionic Neurons

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are quite short and release acetylcholine, promoting relaxation and energy conservation.

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