Questions and Answers
What is the reversible airflow obstruction in asthma caused by?
What occurs during the late asthmatic response?
What is a characteristic of the early asthmatic response?
What is the condition in which bronchospasm is not reversed by usual measures?
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What is a common symptom of asthma?
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What is a sign of impending death in asthma?
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What is a consequence of untreated asthma?
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What is the rate of breathing in asthma?
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What is the main anatomical structure affected in chronic bronchitis?
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Which of the following lung disorders is characterized by the destruction of alveoli?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of asthma?
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Which of the following is a common trigger for asthma attacks?
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What type of lung disease is characterized by difficulty exhaling due to airway obstruction?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT classified as an obstructive lung disease?
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What is the primary function of alveoli in the lungs?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of restrictive lung diseases?
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Which of the following is a medical management strategy for status asthmaticus?
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What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes status asthmaticus from a regular asthma attack?
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Which of the following medications is typically used for the acute treatment of bronchospasm in asthma?
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What is the primary mechanism by which leukotriene modifiers, such as montelukast, exert their therapeutic effect in asthma?
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Which of the following is a potential risk factor for developing status asthmaticus?
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What is the primary physiological effect of ipratropium in the respiratory system?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of obstructive pulmonary disease?
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What is the primary function of the bronchodilators used in the management of asthma?
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What is a characteristic of chronic bronchitis?
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What is a possible cause of asthma?
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What is the name of the condition in which alveoli are destroyed?
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What percentage of Canadians over the age of 12 have been diagnosed with asthma?
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What is a possible consequence of uncontrolled asthma?
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What is the definition of asthma?
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What is a common type of asthma?
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What is a characteristic of chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa?
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What is the primary characteristic of an asthma attack?
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What is the period between the early and late asthmatic responses?
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What is a sign of airway remodeling in asthma?
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What is the definition of status asthmaticus?
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What is a common symptom of an asthma attack?
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What is a consequence of untreated asthma?
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What is a life-threatening sign of asthma?
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What is the rate of breathing in asthma?
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Which of the following is NOT a common trigger for status asthmaticus?
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What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes status asthmaticus from a regular asthma attack?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of status asthmaticus?
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What is the primary pharmacological treatment for status asthmaticus?
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What is the role of systemic corticosteroids in the management of status asthmaticus?
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Which of the following is a potential complication of status asthmaticus?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of nursing management for a patient with status asthmaticus?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of status asthmaticus?
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Study Notes
Oral Candidiasis and Symptoms Relief
- Oral candidiasis, hoarseness, and dry cough can be alleviated through space and gargling techniques.
Asthma Pharmacotherapy
- Leukotriene modifiers (e.g., montelukast) block potent bronchoconstrictors and have anti-inflammatory effects, but are not effective for acute attacks.
- Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol) are effective for acute bronchospasm with onset within minutes and a duration of 4-8 hours.
- Anticholinergics (e.g., ipratropium) block acetylcholine and may cause dry mouth.
Status Asthmaticus
- A severe asthma attack that does not respond to bronchodilators.
- Common triggers include upper respiratory infections, allergen exposure, and reduced anti-inflammatory medication.
Pathophysiology and Effects
- Pulmonary effects: Increased airway resistance.
- Cardiovascular effects may be present alongside pulmonary symptoms.
Assessment and Diagnosis
- Symptoms include cough, wheezing, dyspnea, and worsened pulmonary function test results.
Medical Management
- Administer bronchodilators (e.g., salbutamol) and systemic corticosteroids (IV every 4-6 hours).
- Provide oxygen therapy to maintain 90% saturation, possibly use intubation and mechanical ventilation if severe.
- IV fluids may be necessary in critical cases.
Nursing Management
- Focus on optimizing oxygenation and ventilation.
- Offer comfort and emotional support to patients and their families.
- Maintain surveillance for potential complications.
Asthma Characteristics
- Bronchial hyperresponsiveness causes episodic bronchospasm, inflammation, mucosal edema, and increased mucus production.
- Early asthmatic response includes vasodilation, mucosal edema, and bronchospasm.
- Late response occurs 4-8 hours later, involving immune cell recruitment, airway scarring, and impaired mucociliary function.
Clinical Manifestations
- Patients may be asymptomatic between attacks, but experience chest constriction, wheezing, dyspnea, nonproductive cough, prolonged expiration, tachycardia, and tachypnea during episodes.
- Status asthmaticus can become life-threatening and presents ominous signs, including "silent chest" and elevated PaCO2 levels.
Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
- Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchi, resulting in excessive mucus production and respiratory difficulties.
- Emphysema causes destruction and irreversible damage to alveoli, leading to decreased respiratory function and breathlessness.
Asthma Overview
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by swollen and inflamed airways, muscle tightening, and increased mucus production, causing airway hyper-responsiveness.
- Symptoms include wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough.
Prevalence and Significance
- Approximately 8% of Canadians over 12 years old are diagnosed with asthma.
- About 11% visit an emergency department annually for asthma-related issues.
- Only 34% report having their asthma well-controlled.
Common Triggers for Asthma
- Allergens, viral respiratory infections, sinusitis, exercise, cold dry air, stress, and various medications can exacerbate asthma symptoms.
Oral Candidiasis and Symptoms Relief
- Oral candidiasis, hoarseness, and dry cough can be alleviated through space and gargling techniques.
Asthma Pharmacotherapy
- Leukotriene modifiers (e.g., montelukast) block potent bronchoconstrictors and have anti-inflammatory effects, but are not effective for acute attacks.
- Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol) are effective for acute bronchospasm with onset within minutes and a duration of 4-8 hours.
- Anticholinergics (e.g., ipratropium) block acetylcholine and may cause dry mouth.
Status Asthmaticus
- A severe asthma attack that does not respond to bronchodilators.
- Common triggers include upper respiratory infections, allergen exposure, and reduced anti-inflammatory medication.
Pathophysiology and Effects
- Pulmonary effects: Increased airway resistance.
- Cardiovascular effects may be present alongside pulmonary symptoms.
Assessment and Diagnosis
- Symptoms include cough, wheezing, dyspnea, and worsened pulmonary function test results.
Medical Management
- Administer bronchodilators (e.g., salbutamol) and systemic corticosteroids (IV every 4-6 hours).
- Provide oxygen therapy to maintain 90% saturation, possibly use intubation and mechanical ventilation if severe.
- IV fluids may be necessary in critical cases.
Nursing Management
- Focus on optimizing oxygenation and ventilation.
- Offer comfort and emotional support to patients and their families.
- Maintain surveillance for potential complications.
Asthma Characteristics
- Bronchial hyperresponsiveness causes episodic bronchospasm, inflammation, mucosal edema, and increased mucus production.
- Early asthmatic response includes vasodilation, mucosal edema, and bronchospasm.
- Late response occurs 4-8 hours later, involving immune cell recruitment, airway scarring, and impaired mucociliary function.
Clinical Manifestations
- Patients may be asymptomatic between attacks, but experience chest constriction, wheezing, dyspnea, nonproductive cough, prolonged expiration, tachycardia, and tachypnea during episodes.
- Status asthmaticus can become life-threatening and presents ominous signs, including "silent chest" and elevated PaCO2 levels.
Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
- Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchi, resulting in excessive mucus production and respiratory difficulties.
- Emphysema causes destruction and irreversible damage to alveoli, leading to decreased respiratory function and breathlessness.
Asthma Overview
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by swollen and inflamed airways, muscle tightening, and increased mucus production, causing airway hyper-responsiveness.
- Symptoms include wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough.
Prevalence and Significance
- Approximately 8% of Canadians over 12 years old are diagnosed with asthma.
- About 11% visit an emergency department annually for asthma-related issues.
- Only 34% report having their asthma well-controlled.
Common Triggers for Asthma
- Allergens, viral respiratory infections, sinusitis, exercise, cold dry air, stress, and various medications can exacerbate asthma symptoms.
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Description
This quiz covers the pharmacological management of respiratory conditions, including oral candidiasis and asthma. Learn about the different medications used to alleviate symptoms and improve breathing.
