Pharmacotherapy for Renal Dysfunction and Hypertension Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which drug class is used to control mild-moderate hypertension associated with chronic renal failure (CRF)?

Adrenergic antagonists

What do angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors block to reduce aldosterone secretion and peripheral arterial resistance?

Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Which drug type is used in combination with other drugs or as alternatives if previous therapy fails to control hypertension?

Vasodilators

What is used to treat anemia associated with renal dysfunction?

Recombinant human erythropoietin Signup and view all the answers

How is renal secondary hyperparathyroidism managed?

Vitamin D supplements such as calcitriol Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used to manage diabetes insipidus?

Antidiuretic hormones Signup and view all the answers

What are urinary acidifiers used for?

To dissolve and prevent the formation of struvite uroliths Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of urinary alkalizers?

To manage various types of urolithiasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of urinary incontinence?

Neurogenic and nonneurogenic disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is used to increase bladder tone and promote voiding in urinary incontinence?

Cholinergic agonists Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of anticholinergic drugs in the treatment of urge incontinence?

Promoting urine retention Signup and view all the answers

What are tricyclic antidepressants used for in the context of renal disorders?

Interstitial cystitis Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs promote diuresis by exerting high osmotic pressure in the tubules & limiting tubular reabsorption?

Osmotic diuretics Signup and view all the answers

Which diuretics inhibit tubular reabsorption of sodium and promote excretion of chloride, potassium, and water?

Loop diuretics Signup and view all the answers

Which diuretics reduce edema by inhibiting reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water?

Thiazide diuretics Signup and view all the answers

Which diuretics have weaker diuretic and antihypertensive effects but the ability to conserve potassium?

Potassium-sparing diuretics Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for effective filtration pressure (EFP)?

$EFP = arterial BP - (plasma osmotic pressure + capsule pressure)$ Signup and view all the answers

What can result from decreased kidney function?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What are common causes of renal failure?

Infectious disease, DM, toxins, neoplasia, congenital disorders, immunologic problems, amyloidosis & diets high in protein, phosphorus & sodium Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is associated with increasing the strength of contraction and decreasing the rate of contraction in the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) and atrial fibrillation?

Cardiac glycosides Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of cardiac glycosides (digitalis) in the cardiovascular system?

Increase force of contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is the preferred choice for cardiac resuscitation and the treatment of anaphylaxis due to its actions in increasing force and rate of contractions, constricting peripheral blood vessels, and elevating blood glucose?

Epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for cardiac output (CO) in terms of stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR)?

$CO = SV \times HR$ Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors in the autonomic nervous system are responsible for positive chronotropic and inotropic effects in the heart?

Beta-1 receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of catecholamines, such as epinephrine, in the cardiovascular system?

Increase force and rate of contractions Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is characterized by the period of contraction?

Systole Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which impulse is generated in the heart's conduction system?

Sinoatrial (SA) node Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in influencing heart function?

Negative chronotropic and inotropic effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary influence of the sympathetic nervous system on heart function?

Positive chronotropic and inotropic effects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a compensatory mechanism of the heart in response to cardiovascular disorders?

Increasing the efficiency of the heart muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of positive inotropic drugs in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders?

Improve strength of contraction Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmacotherapy in Renal Dysfunction and Associated Hypertension

Adrenergic antagonists such as beta-adrenergic antagonists are used to control mild-moderate hypertension associated with chronic renal failure (CRF)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing aldosterone secretion and peripheral arterial resistance, used for moderate to severe or nonresponding hypertension
Vasodilators and calcium channel blockers are used in combination with other drugs or as alternatives if previous therapy fails to control hypertension
Anemia is treated with parenteral androgens, recombinant human erythropoietin, and supplemental iron
Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism is managed with vitamin D supplements such as calcitriol
Antidiuretic hormones are used to manage diabetes insipidus, with desmopressin being a common dosage form
Urinary acidifiers are used to dissolve and prevent the formation of struvite uroliths, while xanthine oxidase inhibitors decrease uric acid production
Urinary alkalizers are used in the management of various types of urolithiasis, but can cause fluid and electrolyte imbalances
Neurogenic and nonneurogenic disorders are the underlying causes of urinary incontinence, with different pharmacotherapies and surgical corrections available
Cholinergic agonists such as bethanechol are used to increase bladder tone and promote voiding in urinary incontinence
Anticholinergic drugs like propantheline and butyl hyoscine are used to treat urge incontinence by promoting urine retention
Miscellaneous renal drugs include tricyclic antidepressants for interstitial cystitis, glycosaminoglycans, and other agents like Epakitin and Azodyl for reducing phosphorus and azotemia associated with renal failure.

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