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One aspect of pharmacotherapeutics is the study of the clinical indications of drug therapy.
One aspect of pharmacotherapeutics is the study of the clinical indications of drug therapy.
True
What is absorption?
What is absorption?
The movement of the drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream.
What is distribution?
What is distribution?
The movement of the drug into the cells.
What is metabolism?
What is metabolism?
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What is excretion?
What is excretion?
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What are the three ways that drugs can cross the cell membrane?
What are the three ways that drugs can cross the cell membrane?
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Large surface areas increase the rate of absorption.
Large surface areas increase the rate of absorption.
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What is the effect of protein binding on drug distribution?
What is the effect of protein binding on drug distribution?
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What will be the result of administering a highly protein-bound drug to a patient with liver failure?
What will be the result of administering a highly protein-bound drug to a patient with liver failure?
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What is the blood-brain barrier?
What is the blood-brain barrier?
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What separates the maternal circulation from the fetal circulation?
What separates the maternal circulation from the fetal circulation?
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Where does metabolism primarily occur?
Where does metabolism primarily occur?
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What is another name for metabolism?
What is another name for metabolism?
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Drugs are generally metabolized from substances that are lipophilic into substances that are what?
Drugs are generally metabolized from substances that are lipophilic into substances that are what?
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What is a product of metabolism called?
What is a product of metabolism called?
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Drugs that are inactive until metabolized into an active form are called what?
Drugs that are inactive until metabolized into an active form are called what?
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What is the first-pass effect?
What is the first-pass effect?
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What is the P-450 system?
What is the P-450 system?
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What are the three processes involved in renal excretion?
What are the three processes involved in renal excretion?
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What factors can affect renal excretion?
What factors can affect renal excretion?
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What drug can be given with penicillin to slow its excretion?
What drug can be given with penicillin to slow its excretion?
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What is a factor that affects the excretion of drugs through bile?
What is a factor that affects the excretion of drugs through bile?
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What is half-life?
What is half-life?
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What is steady state?
What is steady state?
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What is clearance?
What is clearance?
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Drugs can create new responses in the body.
Drugs can create new responses in the body.
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What is an agonist?
What is an agonist?
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What is an antagonist?
What is an antagonist?
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What is the single-occupancy theory?
What is the single-occupancy theory?
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What is the modified occupancy theory?
What is the modified occupancy theory?
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What is potency?
What is potency?
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What is a maintenance dose?
What is a maintenance dose?
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What is a loading dose?
What is a loading dose?
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What is the therapeutic index?
What is the therapeutic index?
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What is efficacy?
What is efficacy?
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What is minimum effective concentration?
What is minimum effective concentration?
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Study Notes
Pharmacotherapeutics
- Study of clinical indications of drug therapy includes desired therapeutic goals and drug efficacy.
Absorption
- Refers to the movement of drugs from the administration site into the bloodstream.
- Larger surface areas enhance the absorption rate.
Distribution
- Involves the movement of a drug into cells and relies on protein binding, which affects drug availability.
Metabolism
- Primarily occurs in the liver and involves the conversion of drugs into other substances (biotransformation).
- Drugs are generally metabolized from lipophilic to hydrophilic forms.
- Metabolites are often inactive forms resulting from metabolism.
Excretion
- The removal of drugs from the body, mainly through renal excretion.
- Processes include glomerular filtration, passive tubular reabsorption, and active tubular secretion.
- Factors affecting renal excretion include urine pH and the saturation of active transport systems.
Blood-Brain Barrier
- Tight capillary structures protect the brain from toxins but can limit drug delivery to the central nervous system.
Placental Membrane
- Allows drug passage between maternal and fetal circulation; substances must be lipophilic and not ionized or protein-bound to cross.
Half-Life
- The time required for the blood concentration of a drug to reduce by half.
Steady State
- Achieved when the drug administration rate equals its elimination rate, typically at four to five half-lives.
Clearance
- Rate at which drugs disappear from the circulatory system; affected by renal and hepatic functions as well as patient’s gender.
Drug Interactions
- Probenecid can be administered with penicillin to slow its excretion by utilizing the active transport system.
Agonist vs Antagonist
- Agonists trigger cellular action by occupying receptors.
- Antagonists prevent actions by blocking receptor attachment.
Single-Occupancy Theory
- Suggests the response intensity is proportional to the number of occupied receptors.
Modified Occupancy Theory
- Introduces the concept that different drugs have varying affinities and efficacy once bound to a receptor.
Potency, Efficacy, Therapeutic Index
- Potency refers to the drug level needed to achieve a response.
- Efficacy indicates how effectively a drug produces the desired effect.
- Therapeutic index measures the safety margin between effective and toxic doses.
Dosing
- Loading Dose: A higher initial dose to achieve therapeutic effects quickly.
- Maintenance Dose: Consistent daily dosage to maintain desired drug levels in the body.
Minimum Effective Concentration
- The lowest drug level required in the body to elicit a therapeutic effect.
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Description
Dive into the fundamental concepts of pharmacotherapeutics, covering aspects like drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. This quiz tests your understanding of the clinical indications of drug therapy and the pharmacokinetics of medications.
