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Pharmacotherapeutics Overview
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Pharmacotherapeutics Overview

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@EffortlessGyrolite7402

Questions and Answers

One aspect of pharmacotherapeutics is the study of the clinical indications of drug therapy.

True

What is absorption?

The movement of the drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream.

What is distribution?

The movement of the drug into the cells.

What is metabolism?

<p>The conversion of the drug into another substance or substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is excretion?

<p>The removal of the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three ways that drugs can cross the cell membrane?

<p>They can pass between the spaces or channels, with the help of a transport system, or penetrate directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Large surface areas increase the rate of absorption.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of protein binding on drug distribution?

<p>When a drug is bound to protein, it cannot pass through capillary walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be the result of administering a highly protein-bound drug to a patient with liver failure?

<p>The drug will reach the target cells more quickly, which could result in a toxic effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the blood-brain barrier?

<p>The capillary bed that services the brain, preventing drug molecules from passing through.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the maternal circulation from the fetal circulation?

<p>Placental membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does metabolism primarily occur?

<p>In the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for metabolism?

<p>Biotransformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drugs are generally metabolized from substances that are lipophilic into substances that are what?

<p>Hydrophilic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a product of metabolism called?

<p>A metabolite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drugs that are inactive until metabolized into an active form are called what?

<p>Prodrugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first-pass effect?

<p>Drugs that are highly metabolized lose much of their effectiveness during this first pass through the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the P-450 system?

<p>A group of liver enzymes that metabolize drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three processes involved in renal excretion?

<p>Glomerular filtration, passive tubular reabsorption, and active tubular secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors can affect renal excretion?

<p>pH of urine, overuse of active transport systems, and drug interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drug can be given with penicillin to slow its excretion?

<p>Probenecid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a factor that affects the excretion of drugs through bile?

<p>Enterohepatic recirculation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is half-life?

<p>The amount of time that is required to remove half (50%) of the blood concentration of a drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is steady state?

<p>The point at which the amount of drug being administered and the amount being eliminated are equal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is clearance?

<p>The rate at which drug molecules disappear from the circulatory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drugs can create new responses in the body.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an agonist?

<p>A substance that causes the cell to act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an antagonist?

<p>A substance that prevents something else from attaching to the cell, blocking an action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the single-occupancy theory?

<p>The intensity of the body's response to the drug is directly related to the number of receptors occupied by the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the modified occupancy theory?

<p>Different drugs have different strengths of attractions for receptor sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is potency?

<p>The level of the drug needed in the body to produce a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a maintenance dose?

<p>The daily dose that is given consistently over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a loading dose?

<p>A larger than usual dose to reach a therapeutic effect quicker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic index?

<p>The difference between an effective dose and a toxic dose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is efficacy?

<p>How well a drug produces its desired effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is minimum effective concentration?

<p>The smallest level of drug that can be present in the body to produce an effect at all.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmacotherapeutics

  • Study of clinical indications of drug therapy includes desired therapeutic goals and drug efficacy.

Absorption

  • Refers to the movement of drugs from the administration site into the bloodstream.
  • Larger surface areas enhance the absorption rate.

Distribution

  • Involves the movement of a drug into cells and relies on protein binding, which affects drug availability.

Metabolism

  • Primarily occurs in the liver and involves the conversion of drugs into other substances (biotransformation).
  • Drugs are generally metabolized from lipophilic to hydrophilic forms.
  • Metabolites are often inactive forms resulting from metabolism.

Excretion

  • The removal of drugs from the body, mainly through renal excretion.
  • Processes include glomerular filtration, passive tubular reabsorption, and active tubular secretion.
  • Factors affecting renal excretion include urine pH and the saturation of active transport systems.

Blood-Brain Barrier

  • Tight capillary structures protect the brain from toxins but can limit drug delivery to the central nervous system.

Placental Membrane

  • Allows drug passage between maternal and fetal circulation; substances must be lipophilic and not ionized or protein-bound to cross.

Half-Life

  • The time required for the blood concentration of a drug to reduce by half.

Steady State

  • Achieved when the drug administration rate equals its elimination rate, typically at four to five half-lives.

Clearance

  • Rate at which drugs disappear from the circulatory system; affected by renal and hepatic functions as well as patient’s gender.

Drug Interactions

  • Probenecid can be administered with penicillin to slow its excretion by utilizing the active transport system.

Agonist vs Antagonist

  • Agonists trigger cellular action by occupying receptors.
  • Antagonists prevent actions by blocking receptor attachment.

Single-Occupancy Theory

  • Suggests the response intensity is proportional to the number of occupied receptors.

Modified Occupancy Theory

  • Introduces the concept that different drugs have varying affinities and efficacy once bound to a receptor.

Potency, Efficacy, Therapeutic Index

  • Potency refers to the drug level needed to achieve a response.
  • Efficacy indicates how effectively a drug produces the desired effect.
  • Therapeutic index measures the safety margin between effective and toxic doses.

Dosing

  • Loading Dose: A higher initial dose to achieve therapeutic effects quickly.
  • Maintenance Dose: Consistent daily dosage to maintain desired drug levels in the body.

Minimum Effective Concentration

  • The lowest drug level required in the body to elicit a therapeutic effect.

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Description

Dive into the fundamental concepts of pharmacotherapeutics, covering aspects like drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. This quiz tests your understanding of the clinical indications of drug therapy and the pharmacokinetics of medications.

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