Pharmacology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is pharmacology?

The study of the science of drugs.

What is pharmacotherapeutics?

The clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat disease.

What is bioavailability of a drug?

The amount of drug that enters the circulation unchanged.

What is first pass metabolism?

Oral drugs absorbed by the GI tract are metabolized by liver enzymes, as a result, most of the active drug does not exit the liver. Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence the absorption of oral medications? (Select all that apply)

Other medications Signup and view all the answers

What is distribution?

Movement of drug from the bloodstream to its site of action. Signup and view all the answers

What is drug metabolism?

Most often occurs in the liver enzymatic activity, is the process of breaking down a drug into a less active or inactive metabolite, a a more soluble compound that can be exerted by the kidneys, a more potent metabolite. Signup and view all the answers

What factors affect drug metabolism? (Select all that apply)

Liver Function Signup and view all the answers

What are the main routes of drug excretion? (Select all that apply)

Lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is a half-life?

The time required for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is a steady state?

Occurs when the amount of drug absorbed = the amount of drug eliminated. Signup and view all the answers

What are pharmacodynamics?

The study of what the drug does to the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is a drug agonist?

Drugs that completely attach to the surface creating a response. Signup and view all the answers

What is a drug partial agonist?

The drug elicits some response and blocks other responses. Signup and view all the answers

What do drug-enzyme interactions do?

Inhibit or enhance the action of specific enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

What do nonselective interactions do?

Drug produces a therapeutic effect by targeting: cell membranes and intracellular metabolism or function. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of drug therapy? (Select all that apply)

Acute Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic index?

The range of drug concentration in which the drug is effective. Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of medication errors? (Select all that apply)

Incorrect medication administration Signup and view all the answers

What does SNS activation produce? (Select all that apply)

Sweating and bladder relaxation Signup and view all the answers

Is the SNS adrenergic or cholinergic?

True Signup and view all the answers

Where are alpha 1 receptors located? (Select all that apply)

Postsynaptic effector cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of alpha 1 stimulation? (Select all that apply)

Vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

What are drugs called that stimulate the SNS?

Sympathomimetics, adrenergic agonists. Signup and view all the answers

What are drugs called that inhibit the SNS?

Sympatholytic, adrenergic antagonists, anti-adrenergics. Signup and view all the answers

What do adrenergic drugs do?

Mimic or potentiate the effects of the SNS. Signup and view all the answers

What do adrenergic blocking drugs do?

Block or inhibit the effects of the SNS. Signup and view all the answers

What do anticholinergic drugs do?

Block or inhibit the effects of the PNS. Signup and view all the answers

What do direct-acting adrenergic drugs do?

Binds directly to the receptor and causes a physiological response. Signup and view all the answers

What do mixed-acting adrenergic agonists drugs do?

Direct and indirect stimulation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the indications for adrenergic drugs? (Select all that apply)

Medical emergencies Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications and cautions with adrenergic drugs? (Select all that apply)

Hypovolemic shock untreated with fluids Signup and view all the answers

What are the adverse effects of adrenergic drugs? (Select all that apply)

CV: tachycardia, HTN, palpitations, chest pain, HF Signup and view all the answers

What teaching is included with adrenergic drugs? (Select all that apply)

Directions on how to self administer Signup and view all the answers

What do adrenergic blockers do?

Bind to adrenergic receptors and block the effects of: sympathetic nerve stimulation, endogenous catecholamines, and adrenergic drugs. Signup and view all the answers

What are the classifications of adrenergic blockers? (Select all that apply)

Antihypertensives Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of adrenergic blockers?

To block the pathological stimulation of the SNS. NOT to inhibit normal sympathetic responses. Signup and view all the answers

What are the indications for alpha blockers? (Select all that apply)

Vascular diseases and vasopressor extravasation Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications for alpha blockers and alpha 2 agonists? (Select all that apply)

Peptic ulcer disease Signup and view all the answers

What are the adverse effects of alpha blockers? (Select all that apply)

CNS: dizziness, headache, anxiety, depression, fatigue and weakness Signup and view all the answers

What are beta blockers used for?

Inhibitory effect on the CV systems, decrease the rate and force of contraction of the heart, decreases the electrical conduction through the AV node, balance myocardial oxygen supply and demand by reducing cardiac workload. Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications for beta blockers? (Select all that apply)

Respiratory disorders: asthma, emphysema, bronchospasm, bronchoconstrictive disorders Signup and view all the answers

What do non-selective beta blockers do?

Block both beta 1 and beta 2 receptors, act upon smooth muscle in the bronchi and blood vessels, adverse effects of beta 2 blockage include bronchoconstriction and interference with glycogenolysis. Signup and view all the answers

What do cardioselective beta blockers do?

Block only beta 1, preferred agents in the setting of COPD, peripheral vascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Signup and view all the answers

What do alpha and beta blockers do?

Block all receptors: also produces vasodilation by decreasing PVR, treatment of both HTN and HF, less bradycardia but more postural hypotension, less reflex tachycardia. Signup and view all the answers

What are the nursing considerations with beta blockers? (Select all that apply)

Monitor for expected therapeutic effects Signup and view all the answers

What teaching is involved with beta blockers? (Select all that apply)

Advise to wear a medical alert bracelet Signup and view all the answers

What are direct-acting cholinergic drugs?

Bind to cholinergic receptors. Signup and view all the answers

What are the indications for direct acting cholinergics? (Select all that apply)

Non obstructive urinary retention and bladder atony Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications for cholinergic agonists? (Select all that apply)

Hypotension Signup and view all the answers

Adverse effects of cholinergics? (Select all that apply)

Other: lacrimation, sweating, salivation Signup and view all the answers

What are the nursing considerations with cholinergics? (Select all that apply)

Monitor for therapeutic effects Signup and view all the answers

What teaching is involved with cholinergics? (Select all that apply)

Drugs taken for treatment of urinary retention work fast Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of anticholinergic drugs?

Competitive agonists, prevents acetylcholine from binding to receptor sites, most drugs block muscarinic receptors, drug effects are widespread and multisystem. Signup and view all the answers

What are the indications for anticholinergics? (Select all that apply)

Treatment of Parkinson's Signup and view all the answers

What are the contraindications of anticholinergics? (Select all that apply)

Respiratory distress or acute asthmatic episode Signup and view all the answers

What are the adverse effects of anticholinergics? (Select all that apply)

Thickened and decreased secretions Signup and view all the answers

What are the nursing considerations for anticholingerics? (Select all that apply)

Drug interactions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmacology Study Notes

Pharmacology: The study of drugs.
Pharmacotherapeutics: Clinical use of drugs to treat and prevent disease.
Bioavailability: Amount of drug entering circulation unchanged.
First-Pass Metabolism: Oral drugs metabolized by liver enzymes, most drug not exiting liver. Factors impacting absorption include stomach pH, food presence, other medications, conditions, and drug form.
Distribution: Drug movement from bloodstream to site of action.
Drug Metabolism: Primarily in the liver, breaking down a drug into less active or inactive metabolites.
Drug Metabolism Factors: Age, diet, gender, liver function, genetics, and comorbidities affect this process.
Drug Excretion Routes: Kidneys, biliary tract, saliva, sweat, breast milk, tears, lungs.
Half-life: Time for 50% of a drug to be eliminated.
Steady State: Drug absorption equals elimination.
Pharmacodynamics: Study of drug effects on the body.
Drug Agonist: Drugs binding to receptors to create a response.
Drug Antagonist: Drugs binding, preventing response; blocking agonist binding.
Drug Partial Agonist: Drug elicits some response, blocking other responses.
Drug-Enzyme Interactions: Inhibit or enhance enzyme action (e.g., ACE inhibitors, Viagra).
Nonselective Drug Interactions: Affect multiple cell membranes or intracellular processes.
Drug Therapy Types: Acute, maintenance, supplemental, supportive, palliative, prophylactic.
Therapeutic Index: Drug concentration range for effectiveness.
Medication Error Causes: Failed communication, distribution issues, dose errors, packaging and device issues, administration errors, and lack of patient education.
SNS Activation Effects: Increased BP, blood flow to vital organs, bronchial dilation, respiration, metabolic rate, glucose increase, mental/muscular activity, clotting, pupil dilation.
PNS Activation Effects: Blood vessel dilation, decreased HR, increased GI enzyme secretion, motility, bronchial constriction, glandular secretion, and pupil constriction/skeletal muscle contraction.
SNS Neurotransmitter: Adrenergic.
PNS Neurotransmitter: Cholinergic.
Alpha 1 Receptor Location: Postsynaptic effector cells.
Alpha 1 Stimulation Effects: Vasoconstriction, decreased renin, CNS stimulation, pupil dilation.
Alpha 2 Receptor Location: Presynaptic terminals.
Alpha 2 Stimulation Effects: Inhibit norepinephrine release, vasoconstriction, inhibits insulin secretion, increased platelet activity.
Beta 1 Receptor Location: Postsynaptic effector cells of the heart.
Beta 1 Stimulation Effects: Heart rate, contractility, and conduction increases; increased renin.
Beta 2 Receptor Location: Smooth muscles in bronchioles, arterioles and viscera.
Beta 2 Stimulation Effects: Bronchodilation, vasodilation, decreased GI motility/tone, increased glycogenolysis.
SNS Stimulating Drugs: Sympathomimetics, adrenergic agonists.
SNS Inhibiting Drugs: Sympatholytics, adrenergic antagonists, anti-adrenergics.
PNS Stimulating Drugs: Parasympathomimetics, cholinergic agonists.
PNS Inhibiting Drugs: Parasympatholytics, cholinergic antagonists, anticholinergics.
Adrenergic Drugs: Mimic/potentiate SNS effects.
Adrenergic Blocking Drugs: Block/inhibit SNS effects.
Cholinergic Drugs: Mimic/stimulate PNS effects.
Anticholinergic Drugs: Block/inhibit PNS effects.
Direct-Acting Adrenergic Drugs: Bind directly to receptors.
Indirect-Acting Adrenergic Drugs: Stimulate endogenous neurotransmitter release.
Mixed-Acting Adrenergic Agonists: Direct and indirect stimulation.
Adrenergic Drug Indications: Emergencies, respiratory issues, colds, allergies, ophthalmology.
Adrenergic Drug Contraindications/Cautions: Allergies, HTN, hyperthyroidism, glaucoma, untreated shock, severe cardiac insufficiency, elderly.
Adrenergic Drug Adverse Effects: CNS (tremors, insomnia), CV (tachycardia, HTN), GI, sweating, dry mouth, nausea.
Adrenergic Drug Teaching: Take as prescribed, side effects, interactions.
Adrenergic Blocker Functions: Block SNS effects.
Adrenergic Blocker Classifications: Alpha blockers, beta blockers, alpha/beta blockers, anti-hypertensives.
Adrenergic Blocker Goal: Block pathological stimulation.
Alpha Blocker Indications: HTN, BPH, vasopressor extravasation.
Alpha Blocker/Alpha 2 Agonist Contraindications: Allergies, CV disease, peptic ulcers.
Alpha Blocker Adverse Effects: Orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, dizziness.
Beta Blocker Uses: Inhibit CV system; balance oxygen supply/demand.
Beta Blocker Contraindications: Allergies, bradycardia, heart block, COPD, asthma.
Non-selective Beta Blockers: Block beta 1 and 2 receptors.
Cardioselective Beta Blockers: Block only beta 1 receptors.
Alpha/Beta Blockers: Block all receptors.
Beta Blocker Adverse Effects: Bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, altered blood glucose, impotence.
Beta Blocker Nursing Considerations: VS, monitoring for drug interactions and side effects
Beta Blocker Teaching: Avoiding sudden drug cessation, monitoring, and reporting symptoms.
Direct-acting Cholinergic Drugs: Bind to cholinergic receptors.
Indirect-acting Cholinergic Drugs: Inhibit acetylcholinesterase.
Direct-acting Cholinergic Indications: Urinary retention, glaucoma.
Indirect-acting Cholinergic Indications: Myasthenia gravis, reversing neuromuscular blockers.
Cholinergic Agonist Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, COPD, obstructions, bradycardia, and more.
Cholinergic Agonist Adverse Effects: CNS, CV, respiratory, GI, and other symptoms.
Cholinergic Agonist Nursing Considerations: VS, administering with food, monitoring effects and toxicity.
Cholinergic Agonist Teaching: Wearing a medical alert bracelet, taking meds with food, reporting side effects.
Anticholinergic MOA: Competitive agonists, blocking acetylcholine receptors.
Anticholinergic Indications: Bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, GI/pancreatic/bladder relaxation, Parkinson's.
Anticholinergic Contraindications: Myocardial insufficiency, asthma, obstructions, glaucoma.
Anticholinergic Adverse Effects: CNS stimulation/depression, dilated pupils/increased IOP, tachycardia, decreased secretions or motility.
Anticholinergic Nursing Considerations: Baseline assessments, monitoring drug interactions, toxicity, and overdose.
Anticholinergic Teaching: Drug interactions, preventing heat stroke, managing side effects.
Nociceptors: Sensory nerve endings detecting harmful stimuli.
Pain Sources: Heat, cold, pressure, stretch, spasm, ischemia.
Pain Threshold: Stimulus level for pain sensation.
Nociceptive Pain Phases: Transduction, transmission, perception, modulation.
Pain Tolerance: Pain amount withstandable without disrupting function.
Analgesics: Pain-relieving medications without loss of consciousness.
Analgesic Categories: Opioids, non-opioids, adjuvant.
Opioid Uses: Moderate to severe pain.
Opioid MOA: Bind to opiate receptors.
Opioid Antagonists: Block opioid agonist effects.
Opioid Indications: Trauma, post-operative, cancer, chronic conditions, and cough suppression.
Opioid Contraindications: Allergies, respiratory issues, head injuries, ileus, obesity, pregnancy.
Opioid Adverse Effects: CNS depression, CV effects, GI, urinary issues, itching, rash.
Opioid Overdose Treatment: Naloxone.
Opioid Nursing Considerations: Patient factors, respiratory status, and other medications.
Non-opioid Indications: Mild-moderate pain, and fever reduction.
Non-opioid Contraindications: Allergies, liver disease.
Non-opioid Adverse Effects: Liver failure, nausea, vomiting, rash, renal issues (with chronic use).
Acetaminophen Daily Dose (Adults): 4000mg.
Acetaminophen Toxicity Symptoms: Rapid weak pulse, dyspnea, cold clammy extremities, liver failure with long-term high dose use.
Acetaminophen Teaching: No mixing with alcohol, daily limits for certain individuals.
Acetaminophen Antidote: Acetylcysteine.
NSAIDs: Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic drugs.
Inflammatory Response Cause: Release of proteins, histamines, serotonin, bradykinin, leukotrienes.
NSAIDs MOA: Inhibit COX enzymes/prostaglandins/leukotrienes.

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Description

Explore essential concepts in pharmacology, including pharmacotherapeutics, bioavailability, drug metabolism, and routes of drug excretion. This quiz will test your understanding of how drugs interact within the body and the factors influencing their efficacy and safety.