Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the function of vitamin D in the body?
What is the function of vitamin D in the body?
- Promotes collagen synthesis
- Supports red blood cell production
- Enhances muscle growth
- Regulates absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus (correct)
Which vitamin is primarily responsible for proper utilization of calcium and phosphorus?
Which vitamin is primarily responsible for proper utilization of calcium and phosphorus?
- Vitamin D (correct)
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin E
What are the symptoms associated with vitamin D toxicity?
What are the symptoms associated with vitamin D toxicity?
- Hypertension and fatigue (correct)
- Joint pain and memory loss
- Nausea and vomiting
- Hair loss and dry skin
Which form of vitamin D is produced in the skin by ultraviolet irradiation?
Which form of vitamin D is produced in the skin by ultraviolet irradiation?
What is the primary dietary source of Vitamin E?
What is the primary dietary source of Vitamin E?
What is the main difference between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins?
What is the main difference between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins?
What is the term used for a strategy involving high doses of vitamins for health promotion or treatment of illnesses?
What is the term used for a strategy involving high doses of vitamins for health promotion or treatment of illnesses?
Which vitamin is essential for normal vision, growth and development of bones, teeth, and integrity of mucosal surfaces?
Which vitamin is essential for normal vision, growth and development of bones, teeth, and integrity of mucosal surfaces?
In what condition can excessive ingestion of Vitamin A lead to irritability, drowsiness, vomiting, and increased intracranial pressure?
In what condition can excessive ingestion of Vitamin A lead to irritability, drowsiness, vomiting, and increased intracranial pressure?
What is the main function of dietary reference intakes (DRIs) in relation to nutrients like Vitamin A?
What is the main function of dietary reference intakes (DRIs) in relation to nutrients like Vitamin A?
What are some indications for using ascorbic acid?
What are some indications for using ascorbic acid?
What are the consequences of prolonged deficiency of ascorbic acid?
What are the consequences of prolonged deficiency of ascorbic acid?
Which statement about mega-dosing with ascorbic acid is true?
Which statement about mega-dosing with ascorbic acid is true?
What are some symptoms of calcium toxicity?
What are some symptoms of calcium toxicity?
Which mineral is the most abundant in the body and accounts for 2% of body weight?
Which mineral is the most abundant in the body and accounts for 2% of body weight?
What is the main function of Vitamin B12 in the body?
What is the main function of Vitamin B12 in the body?
Which of the following is an indication for using Vitamin B12?
Which of the following is an indication for using Vitamin B12?
What is the most common deficiency associated with Vitamin B12?
What is the most common deficiency associated with Vitamin B12?
Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by microorganisms in the body?
Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by microorganisms in the body?
What function does Vitamin C serve in the body?
What function does Vitamin C serve in the body?
Which type of drugs regulate electrolyte balance and fluid homeostasis?
Which type of drugs regulate electrolyte balance and fluid homeostasis?
What is a potential adverse effect of mineralocorticoids?
What is a potential adverse effect of mineralocorticoids?
In what conditions are adrenergic drugs commonly used?
In what conditions are adrenergic drugs commonly used?
What is a significant effect of glucocorticoids?
What is a significant effect of glucocorticoids?
What is a common side effect of glucocorticoids?
What is a common side effect of glucocorticoids?
Which effect is associated with adrenergic drugs?
Which effect is associated with adrenergic drugs?
'Overdose management varies depending on the specific drug.' This statement is related to the management of which type of drugs?
'Overdose management varies depending on the specific drug.' This statement is related to the management of which type of drugs?
What is a potential drug interaction involving glucocorticoids?
What is a potential drug interaction involving glucocorticoids?
What nursing responsibility is associated with monitoring adrenal drugs?
What nursing responsibility is associated with monitoring adrenal drugs?
Which individual medication is classified as an adrenergic drug?
Which individual medication is classified as an adrenergic drug?
What should patients be educated on regarding adrenal medications?
What should patients be educated on regarding adrenal medications?
Which group of drugs may interact with mineralocorticoids?
Which group of drugs may interact with mineralocorticoids?
What is one possible sign of adrenal insufficiency or excess that nurses should monitor in patients?
What is one possible sign of adrenal insufficiency or excess that nurses should monitor in patients?
What are some common symptoms that patients might experience if there is a drug interaction involving adrenergic drugs?
What are some common symptoms that patients might experience if there is a drug interaction involving adrenergic drugs?
Which medication may interact with potassium-sparing diuretics?
Which medication may interact with potassium-sparing diuretics?
Which goal of diarrhea treatment involves replenishing fluids and electrolytes?
Which goal of diarrhea treatment involves replenishing fluids and electrolytes?
What is the primary adverse effect associated with adsorbents like bismuth subsalicylate?
What is the primary adverse effect associated with adsorbents like bismuth subsalicylate?
Which drug category is known for decreasing intestinal muscle tone and slowing fecal matter movement?
Which drug category is known for decreasing intestinal muscle tone and slowing fecal matter movement?
Which condition would chronic diarrhea apply to?
Which condition would chronic diarrhea apply to?
What is a common adverse effect of opiate medications used for diarrhea?
What is a common adverse effect of opiate medications used for diarrhea?
Which class of drugs is primarily involved in relieving rectal spasms and decreasing bowel motility?
Which class of drugs is primarily involved in relieving rectal spasms and decreasing bowel motility?
What is the primary function of bacterial cultures of Lactobacillus organisms used as probiotics?
What is the primary function of bacterial cultures of Lactobacillus organisms used as probiotics?
Which type of laxative acts by increasing osmotic pressure in the intestines?
Which type of laxative acts by increasing osmotic pressure in the intestines?
What is the specific purpose of emollient laxatives?
What is the specific purpose of emollient laxatives?
Which laxative type is indicated for conditions such as chronic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome?
Which laxative type is indicated for conditions such as chronic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome?
What is the mechanism of action of hyperosmotic laxatives?
What is the mechanism of action of hyperosmotic laxatives?
Which laxative type works by stimulating peristalsis through intestinal nerve stimulation?
Which laxative type works by stimulating peristalsis through intestinal nerve stimulation?
What is a common risk associated with NSAIDs (except aspirin) according to Health Canada warning?
What is a common risk associated with NSAIDs (except aspirin) according to Health Canada warning?
Why are older adults at a greater risk of NSAID adverse effects?
Why are older adults at a greater risk of NSAID adverse effects?
What is the primary reason for consulting healthcare professionals before taking NSAIDs?
What is the primary reason for consulting healthcare professionals before taking NSAIDs?
Why do NSAIDs pose a risk to older adults compared to younger individuals?
Why do NSAIDs pose a risk to older adults compared to younger individuals?
What characteristic makes Ibuprofen different from other NSAIDs like aspirin?
What characteristic makes Ibuprofen different from other NSAIDs like aspirin?
What is the significance of individual patient responses varying when using Ibuprofen?
What is the significance of individual patient responses varying when using Ibuprofen?
What makes Ibuprofen a commonly used NSAID in terms of administration?
What makes Ibuprofen a commonly used NSAID in terms of administration?
Which statement accurately describes the mechanism of action of steroidal medications?
Which statement accurately describes the mechanism of action of steroidal medications?
What is a potential side effect of short-term use of steroidal medications?
What is a potential side effect of short-term use of steroidal medications?
In which condition is the long-term use of steroidal medications likely to cause osteoporosis?
In which condition is the long-term use of steroidal medications likely to cause osteoporosis?
What is a potential complication of chronic overdose of steroidal medications?
What is a potential complication of chronic overdose of steroidal medications?
Which medication interaction risk is associated with combining steroidal medications with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
Which medication interaction risk is associated with combining steroidal medications with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
What is a nursing responsibility related to monitoring patients on steroidal medications?
What is a nursing responsibility related to monitoring patients on steroidal medications?
Which therapeutic use is NOT typically associated with steroidal medications?
Which therapeutic use is NOT typically associated with steroidal medications?
What is the mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
What is the mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
Which condition is NOT a therapeutic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?
Which condition is NOT a therapeutic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?
What is a common side effect associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?
What is a common side effect associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
What intervention can help reduce gastrointestinal irritation caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
What intervention can help reduce gastrointestinal irritation caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
Which medication is commonly used for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects?
Which medication is commonly used for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects?
What is a potential consequence of an overdose of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
What is a potential consequence of an overdose of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
What is a potential side effect of aluminum-containing antacids?
What is a potential side effect of aluminum-containing antacids?
How do magnesium-containing antacids primarily affect patients?
How do magnesium-containing antacids primarily affect patients?
What electrolyte imbalance is specifically mentioned as a risk in patients with renal impairment using antacids?
What electrolyte imbalance is specifically mentioned as a risk in patients with renal impairment using antacids?
How should magnesium-containing antacids be managed in patients with renal impairment?
How should magnesium-containing antacids be managed in patients with renal impairment?
Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with sodium bicarbonate use as an antacid?
Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with sodium bicarbonate use as an antacid?
What is a common adverse effect of calcium-containing antacids?
What is a common adverse effect of calcium-containing antacids?
How do sodium bicarbonate-containing antacids primarily affect patients?
How do sodium bicarbonate-containing antacids primarily affect patients?
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Study Notes
Vitamins
- Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
- Water-soluble
- Required for many metabolic pathways: fat & carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis, growth, cell replication, and hematopoiesis
- Food sources: liver, kidney, fish, shellfish, milk, poultry, eggs
- Deficiency: pernicious anemia, can lead to neurological damage, megaloblastic anemia
- Vitamin B12 shots can fix deficiency to create RBCs
- Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
- Water-soluble
- Acts in oxidation-reduction reactions and required for several metabolic activities
- Functions: collagen synthesis, connective tissue repair, folic acid, erythropoiesis
- Enhances absorption of iron and required for synthesis of lipids, proteins, steroids, cellular respirations, and infections
- Deficiency: generalized peeling of the skin and erythema over several weeks
- Vitamin D
- Fat-soluble
- Responsible for proper utilization of calcium and phosphorus
- Functions: works with parathyroid hormone to regulate absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus
- Necessary for normal calcification of bone and teeth
- Indications for use: dietary supplement, treatment of vitamin D deficiency, prevention of osteoporosis
- Toxicity: symptoms same as most, last to be ruled out
- Vitamin E
- Fat-soluble
- Antioxidant
- Functions: unknown, believed to be an antioxidant
- Dietary sources: fruits, grains, fortified cereals, vegetable oils, wheat germ, nuts
- Deficiency: highest risk in premature infants
- Vitamin A
- Fat-soluble
- Required for growth and development of bones and teeth, essential for night and normal vision, necessary for reproduction and integrity of mucosal and epithelial surfaces
- Food sources: liver, fish, dairy products, egg yolks, dark green leafy vegetables, and yellow-orange vegetables and fruits
- Deficiency: night blindness, hyperkeratosis of the skin
- Toxicity: ingestion of excessive amounts causes toxicity, which can lead to irritability, drowsiness, vertigo, delirium, coma, vomiting, and diarrhea
Minerals
- Calcium
- Most abundant mineral element in the body
- Accounts for 2% of body weight
- Highest concentration in bones and teeth
- Efficient absorption requires adequate amounts of vitamin D
- Functions: essential for normal maintenance and function of nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems
- Deficiency: calcium deficiency (hypocalcaemia), infantile rickets, and osteoporosis
- Toxicity: anorexia, nausea, constipation, delirium, and coma
Adrenal Drugs
- Mechanism of Action
- Glucocorticoids mimic the action of cortisol, influencing metabolism and suppressing inflammation
- Mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balance and fluid homeostasis
- Adrenergic drugs affect the sympathetic nervous system, influencing the release of adrenaline and norepinephrine
- Drug Effects
- Glucocorticoids have anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and metabolic effects
- Mineralocorticoids regulate sodium and water balance
- Adrenergic drugs stimulate the "fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate and blood pressure
- Therapeutic Uses
- Glucocorticoids are used for conditions like Addison's disease, inflammatory disorders, and to suppress the immune system in transplant patients
- Mineralocorticoids are employed in conditions involving salt-losing adrenal insufficiency
- Adrenergic drugs are used for conditions such as shock, bronchospasm, and cardiac arrest
- Side Effects and Adverse Effects
- Glucocorticoids may cause adrenal suppression, osteoporosis, and metabolic effects
- Mineralocorticoids can lead to fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, and hypertension
- Adrenergic drugs may cause increased heart rate, hypertension, and anxiety
- Toxicity and Management of Overdoses
- Overdose management varies depending on the specific drug
- Often involves supportive care, monitoring vital signs, and addressing symptoms
Laxatives
- Types of Laxatives
- Bulk-forming laxatives
- Emollient laxatives
- Hyperosmotic laxatives
- Saline laxatives
- Stimulant laxatives
- Mechanism of Action
- Bulk-forming laxatives absorb water to increase bulk
- Emollient laxatives act as stool softeners and lubricants
- Hyperosmotic laxatives increase fecal water content
- Saline laxatives increase osmotic pressure
- Stimulant laxatives increase peristalsis via intestinal nerve stimulation
- Indications for Use
- Bulk-forming laxatives for acute and chronic constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, etc.
- Emollient laxatives for stool softening and lubrication
- Hyperosmotic laxatives for constipation and fecal impaction
- Saline laxatives for constipation and preparation for bowel examination
- Stimulant laxatives for constipation and fecal impaction
Antidiarrheal Drugs
- Mechanism of Action
- Adsorbents coat GI tract walls, binding to causative agents
- Antimotility drugs decrease intestinal muscle tone, slowing fecal matter movement
- Opiates decrease bowel motility, relieving rectal spasms
- Indications for Use
- Adsorbents for acute and chronic diarrhea
- Antimotility drugs for inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome
- Opiates for diarrhea and fecal incontinence
- Side Effects and Adverse Effects
- Adsorbents may cause increased bleeding time, constipation, and confusion
- Antimotility drugs may cause urinary retention, headache, and dizziness
- Opiates may cause respiratory depression, nausea, and flushing
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