Pharmacology Week 9: OTC Vitamins and Minerals
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of vitamin D in the body?

  • Promotes collagen synthesis
  • Supports red blood cell production
  • Enhances muscle growth
  • Regulates absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus (correct)

    • Which vitamin is primarily responsible for proper utilization of calcium and phosphorus?

  • Vitamin D (correct)
  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin C
  • Vitamin E

    • What are the symptoms associated with vitamin D toxicity?

  • Hypertension and fatigue (correct)
  • Joint pain and memory loss
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Hair loss and dry skin

    • Which form of vitamin D is produced in the skin by ultraviolet irradiation?

    <p>Ergocalciferol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary dietary source of Vitamin E?

    <p>Nuts and vegetable oils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins?

    <p>Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the body, while water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for a strategy involving high doses of vitamins for health promotion or treatment of illnesses?

    <p>Supervitaminization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is essential for normal vision, growth and development of bones, teeth, and integrity of mucosal surfaces?

    <p>Vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what condition can excessive ingestion of Vitamin A lead to irritability, drowsiness, vomiting, and increased intracranial pressure?

    <p>Hypervitaminosis A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of dietary reference intakes (DRIs) in relation to nutrients like Vitamin A?

    <p>Setting standards for nutrient values to prevent deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some indications for using ascorbic acid?

    <p>Prevention and treatment of scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of prolonged deficiency of ascorbic acid?

    <p>Anemia, loss of teeth, delayed healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about mega-dosing with ascorbic acid is true?

    <p>Can cause N/V, headache, and abdominal cramps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some symptoms of calcium toxicity?

    <p>Anorexia, N/T, constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is the most abundant in the body and accounts for 2% of body weight?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Vitamin B12 in the body?

    <p>Required for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indication for using Vitamin B12?

    <p>Morning sickness during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common deficiency associated with Vitamin B12?

    <p>Pernicious anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by microorganisms in the body?

    <p>Vitamin B6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does Vitamin C serve in the body?

    <p>Required for collagen synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs regulate electrolyte balance and fluid homeostasis?

    <p>Mineralocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Fluid retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what conditions are adrenergic drugs commonly used?

    <p>Shock and bronchospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant effect of glucocorticoids?

    <p>Anti-inflammatory effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of glucocorticoids?

    <p>Metabolic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect is associated with adrenergic drugs?

    <p>Increase heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Overdose management varies depending on the specific drug.' This statement is related to the management of which type of drugs?

    <p>'Fight or flight' response inducers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drug interaction involving glucocorticoids?

    <p>Interacting with drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nursing responsibility is associated with monitoring adrenal drugs?

    <p>Monitoring electrolyte imbalances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individual medication is classified as an adrenergic drug?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients be educated on regarding adrenal medications?

    <p>The importance of taking medications as prescribed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of drugs may interact with mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Potassium-sparing diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible sign of adrenal insufficiency or excess that nurses should monitor in patients?

    <p>Changes in mental status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common symptoms that patients might experience if there is a drug interaction involving adrenergic drugs?

    <p>Cardiovascular abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication may interact with potassium-sparing diuretics?

    <p>Fludrocortisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which goal of diarrhea treatment involves replenishing fluids and electrolytes?

    <p>Preventing nutritional deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect associated with adsorbents like bismuth subsalicylate?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug category is known for decreasing intestinal muscle tone and slowing fecal matter movement?

    <p>Anticholinergics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition would chronic diarrhea apply to?

    <p>Lasting for more than 3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of opiate medications used for diarrhea?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs is primarily involved in relieving rectal spasms and decreasing bowel motility?

    <p>Antimotility drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bacterial cultures of Lactobacillus organisms used as probiotics?

    <p>Supplying missing bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of laxative acts by increasing osmotic pressure in the intestines?

    <p>Saline laxatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific purpose of emollient laxatives?

    <p>Act as stool softeners and lubricants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laxative type is indicated for conditions such as chronic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome?

    <p>Bulk-forming laxatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of hyperosmotic laxatives?

    <p>Increase fecal water content resulting in bowel distention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laxative type works by stimulating peristalsis through intestinal nerve stimulation?

    <p>Stimulant laxatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk associated with NSAIDs (except aspirin) according to Health Canada warning?

    <p>Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are older adults at a greater risk of NSAID adverse effects?

    <p>Their bodies have slower GI motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for consulting healthcare professionals before taking NSAIDs?

    <p>To receive personalized advice and management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do NSAIDs pose a risk to older adults compared to younger individuals?

    <p>Older adults have more alkaline pH in their bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic makes Ibuprofen different from other NSAIDs like aspirin?

    <p>Short half-life and over-the-counter availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of individual patient responses varying when using Ibuprofen?

    <p>It highlights the importance of personalized advice and monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes Ibuprofen a commonly used NSAID in terms of administration?

    <p>'Over-the-counter' availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the mechanism of action of steroidal medications?

    <p>They work by inhibiting pro-inflammatory gene transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of short-term use of steroidal medications?

    <p>Insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is the long-term use of steroidal medications likely to cause osteoporosis?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of chronic overdose of steroidal medications?

    <p>Gradual dose reduction under medical supervision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication interaction risk is associated with combining steroidal medications with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

    <p>Enhanced hypokalemia risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing responsibility related to monitoring patients on steroidal medications?

    <p>Monitoring for signs of infection and mental status changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic use is NOT typically associated with steroidal medications?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

    <p>Inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a therapeutic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?

    <p>Gastrointestinal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

    <p>Liver toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What intervention can help reduce gastrointestinal irritation caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

    <p>Consume NSAIDs with food or milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly used for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects?

    <p>Paracetamol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of an overdose of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

    <p>Severe gastrointestinal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of aluminum-containing antacids?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do magnesium-containing antacids primarily affect patients?

    <p>Inducing diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What electrolyte imbalance is specifically mentioned as a risk in patients with renal impairment using antacids?

    <p>Hypermagnesemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should magnesium-containing antacids be managed in patients with renal impairment?

    <p>Monitor electrolyte imbalances closely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with sodium bicarbonate use as an antacid?

    <p>Sodium and fluid retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of calcium-containing antacids?

    <p>Hypercalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sodium bicarbonate-containing antacids primarily affect patients?

    <p>Leading to alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vitamins

    • Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
      • Water-soluble
      • Required for many metabolic pathways: fat & carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis, growth, cell replication, and hematopoiesis
      • Food sources: liver, kidney, fish, shellfish, milk, poultry, eggs
      • Deficiency: pernicious anemia, can lead to neurological damage, megaloblastic anemia
      • Vitamin B12 shots can fix deficiency to create RBCs
    • Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
      • Water-soluble
      • Acts in oxidation-reduction reactions and required for several metabolic activities
      • Functions: collagen synthesis, connective tissue repair, folic acid, erythropoiesis
      • Enhances absorption of iron and required for synthesis of lipids, proteins, steroids, cellular respirations, and infections
      • Deficiency: generalized peeling of the skin and erythema over several weeks
    • Vitamin D
      • Fat-soluble
      • Responsible for proper utilization of calcium and phosphorus
      • Functions: works with parathyroid hormone to regulate absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus
      • Necessary for normal calcification of bone and teeth
      • Indications for use: dietary supplement, treatment of vitamin D deficiency, prevention of osteoporosis
      • Toxicity: symptoms same as most, last to be ruled out
    • Vitamin E
      • Fat-soluble
      • Antioxidant
      • Functions: unknown, believed to be an antioxidant
      • Dietary sources: fruits, grains, fortified cereals, vegetable oils, wheat germ, nuts
      • Deficiency: highest risk in premature infants
    • Vitamin A
      • Fat-soluble
      • Required for growth and development of bones and teeth, essential for night and normal vision, necessary for reproduction and integrity of mucosal and epithelial surfaces
      • Food sources: liver, fish, dairy products, egg yolks, dark green leafy vegetables, and yellow-orange vegetables and fruits
      • Deficiency: night blindness, hyperkeratosis of the skin
      • Toxicity: ingestion of excessive amounts causes toxicity, which can lead to irritability, drowsiness, vertigo, delirium, coma, vomiting, and diarrhea

    Minerals

    • Calcium
      • Most abundant mineral element in the body
      • Accounts for 2% of body weight
      • Highest concentration in bones and teeth
      • Efficient absorption requires adequate amounts of vitamin D
      • Functions: essential for normal maintenance and function of nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems
      • Deficiency: calcium deficiency (hypocalcaemia), infantile rickets, and osteoporosis
      • Toxicity: anorexia, nausea, constipation, delirium, and coma

    Adrenal Drugs

    • Mechanism of Action
      • Glucocorticoids mimic the action of cortisol, influencing metabolism and suppressing inflammation
      • Mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balance and fluid homeostasis
      • Adrenergic drugs affect the sympathetic nervous system, influencing the release of adrenaline and norepinephrine
    • Drug Effects
      • Glucocorticoids have anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and metabolic effects
      • Mineralocorticoids regulate sodium and water balance
      • Adrenergic drugs stimulate the "fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate and blood pressure
    • Therapeutic Uses
      • Glucocorticoids are used for conditions like Addison's disease, inflammatory disorders, and to suppress the immune system in transplant patients
      • Mineralocorticoids are employed in conditions involving salt-losing adrenal insufficiency
      • Adrenergic drugs are used for conditions such as shock, bronchospasm, and cardiac arrest
    • Side Effects and Adverse Effects
      • Glucocorticoids may cause adrenal suppression, osteoporosis, and metabolic effects
      • Mineralocorticoids can lead to fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, and hypertension
      • Adrenergic drugs may cause increased heart rate, hypertension, and anxiety
    • Toxicity and Management of Overdoses
      • Overdose management varies depending on the specific drug
      • Often involves supportive care, monitoring vital signs, and addressing symptoms

    Laxatives

    • Types of Laxatives
      • Bulk-forming laxatives
      • Emollient laxatives
      • Hyperosmotic laxatives
      • Saline laxatives
      • Stimulant laxatives
    • Mechanism of Action
      • Bulk-forming laxatives absorb water to increase bulk
      • Emollient laxatives act as stool softeners and lubricants
      • Hyperosmotic laxatives increase fecal water content
      • Saline laxatives increase osmotic pressure
      • Stimulant laxatives increase peristalsis via intestinal nerve stimulation
    • Indications for Use
      • Bulk-forming laxatives for acute and chronic constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, etc.
      • Emollient laxatives for stool softening and lubrication
      • Hyperosmotic laxatives for constipation and fecal impaction
      • Saline laxatives for constipation and preparation for bowel examination
      • Stimulant laxatives for constipation and fecal impaction

    Antidiarrheal Drugs

    • Mechanism of Action
      • Adsorbents coat GI tract walls, binding to causative agents
      • Antimotility drugs decrease intestinal muscle tone, slowing fecal matter movement
      • Opiates decrease bowel motility, relieving rectal spasms
    • Indications for Use
      • Adsorbents for acute and chronic diarrhea
      • Antimotility drugs for inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome
      • Opiates for diarrhea and fecal incontinence
    • Side Effects and Adverse Effects
      • Adsorbents may cause increased bleeding time, constipation, and confusion
      • Antimotility drugs may cause urinary retention, headache, and dizziness
      • Opiates may cause respiratory depression, nausea, and flushing

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    Description

    Learn about vitamins, organic molecules needed in small quantities for normal metabolism, growth, and repair of tissue. Explore natural sources from plants and animals, how they attach to enzymes, activate anabolic processes, and the difference between water-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins.

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