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Questions and Answers
Which system is responsible for increasing the heart rate?
Which system is responsible for increasing the heart rate?
The parasympathetic nervous system increases respiratory rate.
The parasympathetic nervous system increases respiratory rate.
False
What neurotransmitter is commonly associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
What neurotransmitter is commonly associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
Norepinephrine
The ________ nervous system primarily controls the body's rest and digest functions.
The ________ nervous system primarily controls the body's rest and digest functions.
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Match the following components to their associated functions:
Match the following components to their associated functions:
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Which part of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements?
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The sympathetic nervous system is primarily responsible for 'rest and digest' functions.
The sympathetic nervous system is primarily responsible for 'rest and digest' functions.
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What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?
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The __________ nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
The __________ nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
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Match the following components with their respective roles in the nervous system:
Match the following components with their respective roles in the nervous system:
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Study Notes
Pharmacology Section 2
- Animal testing is used to assess drug effects.
- Mice are preferred for nervous system studies.
- Mice are not ideal for heart studies due to differing ECGs from humans compared to larger animals like dogs or cats.
- Mouse or frog are the common animals used in pharmacology.
- Animal sex, weight, and administration route are crucial for calculations.
Drug Testing Procedures
- Vitality: Normal pre-injection state of the animal
- Excitability: Animal's initial response to stimuli
- Heart rate: The normal range of heart rate for the animal
- Respiratory rate: The normal range of respiratory rate for the animal
- Gait: The normal way the animal moves (e.g., mouse runs, frog jumps)
- Posture: The animal's normal upright stance
- Eye ball (Mouse): Normal
- Pupil size (frog): Normal
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Reflexes
- Pain reflex: Normal response to pain stimulus.
- Righting reflex: The animal's ability to rapidly right itself when turned over.
- Corneal reflex: Normal response to a stimulus near the cornea.
- Light reflex: Normal response to a light stimulus.
- Touch reflex: Normal response to a touch stimulus.
- Excretion & Secretion: Measuring the rate and changes in excretion and secretion.
Nervous System
- The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to other organs.
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle movement.
- The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions (e.g., heart rate, digestion).
Autonomic Nervous System
- Two divisions: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.
- Sympathetic (fight-or-flight): accelerates bodily functions.
- Parasympathetic (rest-or-digest): slows bodily functions.
- Organs receive dual innervations.
Neurotransmitters and receptors
- Various Neurotransmitters and receptors are involved in transmission.
- ACh is a neurotransmitter used in cholinergic pathways.
Types of drugs affecting the nervous system
-
Parasympathomimetics: Mimic the action of the parasympathetic nervous system.
- Direct acting (similar to ACh)
- Indirect acting (increase ACh levels)
- Cholinesterase inhibitors: Reversible & irreversible
- Parasympatholytics: Block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system (e.g., atropine).
-
Sympathomimetics: Mimic the action of the sympathetic nervous system.
- Direct-acting (stimulate receptors)
- Sympatholytics: Block the effects of the sympathetic nervous system(e.g., alpha and/or beta blockers).
- Ganglionic stimulants: Increase the effect of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
- Ganglionic blockers: Decrease the effect of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system.
Drug Effects (Examples)
- Pilocarpine (Parasympathomimetic): Decreased vitality, excitability, heart rate, respiratory rate. Miosis (contracted pupils). Increased secretions and excretion.
- Nicotine (Ganglionic stimulant): Increased vitality, excitability, increased heart rate, tremors, and secretion in frogs.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the principles and practices in pharmacology, particularly regarding drug testing in animals. It covers aspects such as animal selection, vital signs assessment, and specific reflexes important for evaluating the effects of drugs. Understanding these procedures is crucial for accurate pharmacological evaluations.
