Pharmacology: Routes of Drug Administration
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Questions and Answers

Which route of administration refers specifically to solutions intended for the ear?

  • Ophthalmic
  • Otic (correct)
  • Oral
  • Nasal

Which of the following is NOT a route used to administer solutions?

  • Otic
  • Ophthalmic
  • Dermal (correct)
  • Parenteral

What is a common characteristic of solutions classified by their intended route of administration?

  • They have specific uses based on their administration route. (correct)
  • They must be sterile before use.
  • They are only available in liquid form.
  • They require refrigeration for stability.

Which option is an example of a parenteral route of administration?

<p>Intravenous injection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would you most likely use an ophthalmic solution?

<p>To relieve dry eyes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge when formulating certain drugs for injection?

<p>Their poor solubility in water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context is drug absorption particularly necessary as mentioned in the content?

<p>When treating anaphylaxis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of some drugs complicates their administration as an injection?

<p>They have poor solubility in water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is formulating a drug as a solution particularly challenging?

<p>Due to their poor solubility in water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common requirement for drug administration prior to treatment, as indicated?

<p>Accelerated absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a naturally occurring flavoring used for oral solutions?

<p>Fruit juices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of naturally occurring flavoring is lemon oil classified as?

<p>Aromatic oil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT fall under the category of naturally occurring flavorings for oral solutions?

<p>Synthetic flavor enhancers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Herbs used in oral solutions primarily provide which characteristic?

<p>Flavor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of flavorings is typically used for oral solutions?

<p>Herbs and spices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological pH of plasma and extracellular fluid?

<p>7.4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should solution products ideally be formulated to a pH of 7.4?

<p>To maintain physiological balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for maintaining a pH of 7.4 in bodily fluids?

<p>Promoting bacterial growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what pH level are most physiological processes optimized?

<p>7.4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a consequence of formulating solutions with a pH significantly lower than 7.4?

<p>Impaired enzyme function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what pH level are butyl parabens most effective?

<p>pH &lt; 4.5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum concentration at which butyl parabens are used externally?

<p>10% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form do butyl parabens take when effective?

<p>Non-ionized hydroxy benzoic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what manner are butyl parabens used externally?

<p>In low concentrations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about butyl parabens is NOT true?

<p>They are used externally at concentrations greater than 10%. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical concentration range of propylene glycol mentioned?

<p>15-30% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effective pH range for the stability of the mentioned compound?

<p>4-10 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a concentration mentioned for propylene glycol?

<p>0.002% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the upper limit of the concentration range for propylene glycol specified?

<p>30% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lower limit percentage for propylene glycol in its effective concentration range?

<p>0.1% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Solution Classification by Route

Solutions are often categorized by the intended route of administration.

Examples of Administration Routes

Oral, otic, parenteral, ophthalmic, and nasal are examples of different routes for administering medications.

Classifying Solutions by Route

Solutions can be classified by their route of administration, such as oral, otic, parenteral, ophthalmic, and nasal.

Importance of Solution Classification

Classifying solutions helps determine the most appropriate route for administration.

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Route-based Classification: Safety and Efficacy

Solutions are classified by their intended route of administration to ensure proper and safe usage.

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Drug Solubility

The ability of a substance to dissolve in a liquid, like water.

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Injection

A medical procedure where a liquid medicine is injected directly into the body.

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Anaphylaxis

A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.

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Drug Formulation

A substance that is designed to dissolve in a liquid solution, such as water, so it can be injected into the body.

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Drug Absorption

The process by which a drug enters the bloodstream and starts to have its effects.

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Physiological pH

The normal pH of blood and fluids outside cells.

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Solution product pH adjustment

The process of adjusting a solution's pH to 7.4.

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pH

A solution's pH value is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity.

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Ideal pH for solution products

7.4 is the ideal pH for most solutions intended for the body.

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Importance of pH adjustment

Solutions need to be adjusted to the correct pH to ensure safety and effectiveness.

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Flavoring in Oral Solutions

Naturally occurring ingredients like fruit juices (raspberry), aromatic oils (orange and lemon oil), herbs, and spices are used to add flavor to oral solutions.

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Oral Solutions

Oral solutions are intended for administration by mouth.

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Raspberry Juice as Flavor

Raspberry juice is a natural flavoring commonly used in oral solutions.

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Citrus Oils as Flavor

Orange and lemon oils are examples of essential oils used to add flavor to oral solutions.

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Herbs and Spices for Flavor

Herbs and spices are used as naturally occurring flavorings in oral solutions.

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Propylene Glycol

A type of alcohol used in various cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations, commonly found in concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 15-30% in products.

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Active Concentration

A measure of how effective a substance is in a particular application. It's related to the concentration of the active ingredient.

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Active pH Range

The range of acidity or alkalinity (pH) where a substance functions optimally. Too acidic or alkaline can make it less effective.

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Propylene Glycol's pH Stability

Propylene glycol can function well across a wide range of pH levels, typically from 4 to 10. This allows it to be used effectively in a variety of products with diverse pH requirements.

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Parabens Effectiveness & pH

Parabens are effective preservatives in acidic environments, particularly below a pH of 4.5. This is because they exist in their non-ionized form at lower pH levels, making them more active.

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Butyl Parabens: What are they?

Butyl parabens are a specific type of paraben commonly used in external preparations for preserving their effectiveness.

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Butyl Paraben External Use

Butyl parabens are used in external preparations, for example, in cosmetics and skin care products, to preserve the product's effectiveness while minimizing risk to the user.

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Paraben Concentration: Safe & Effective

It is important to use parabens at a low concentration (typically under 10%) to minimize potential risks associated with their use, while still preserving the effectiveness of the product.

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What are Parabens ?

Parabens are a specific type of chemical used to preserve products by inhibiting bacterial growth and prolonging their shelf life.

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