Drug Administration Routes Quiz
40 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following routes of administration can bypass the blood-brain barrier?

  • Intra-osseous Route
  • Topical Administration
  • Intra-arterial Route
  • Intra-thecal Route (correct)

    • What is a significant disadvantage of using certain drug delivery methods?

  • Inability to deliver drugs to unconscious patients
  • Not appropriate for drugs with large or very small particle sizes (correct)
  • Requires local expertise for administration
  • Excessive absorption through mucous membranes

    • What is the route that delivers drugs directly into the spinal subarachnoid space?

  • Intra-arterial Route
  • Transdermal Route
  • Intra-thecal Route (correct)
  • Intravenous Route

    • What is the rate limiting barrier in passive percutaneous absorption of drugs through the skin?

    <p>Stratum corneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug administration route is particularly useful when intravenous access is not possible?

    <p>Intra-osseous Route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following routes is primarily used for local effects through mucous membranes?

    <p>Topical Administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor enhances systemic absorption of drugs through the skin?

    <p>Oily vehicle suspension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about transdermal drug delivery is correct?

    <p>Abraded skin allows for better absorption than intact skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when administering drugs during menstruation?

    <p>Drugs producing pelvic congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is known for causing significant fetal malformation when administered during pregnancy?

    <p>Thalidomide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to adjust drug doses for children?

    <p>They have underdeveloped metabolizing and excretory organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does age affect drug metabolism and dosing?

    <p>Metabolism and elimination are decreased in elderly and children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to racial variations in drug metabolism?

    <p>Variation in enzyme types and levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of liver disease on drug administration?

    <p>Slows drug metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes a drug interaction?

    <p>It happens when food alters the drug's effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done in cases of kidney failure regarding drug dosage?

    <p>Adjust the dosage downward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which CYP isoform is responsible for metabolizing caffeine?

    <p>CYP1A2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that can affect the biotransformation capabilities of P450 enzymes?

    <p>Genetic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is recognized as an inhibitor of CYP2D6?

    <p>Quinidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does grapefruit juice have on CYP3A4/5?

    <p>It inhibits the enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which CYP isoform is primarily responsible for metabolizing warfarin?

    <p>CYP2C9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do children and the elderly typically have limited abilities of biotransformation?

    <p>Deficiency of metabolizing enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drug interactions can lead to increased toxicity due to CYP inhibition?

    <p>Cimetidine with digitoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which CYP isoform metabolizes omeprazole?

    <p>CYP2C19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the α-phase in a Cp vs time plot represent?

    <p>Redistribution of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a loading dose?

    <p>To raise drug concentration to the target level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a multiple dosing regimen, what happens to the drug concentration over time?

    <p>It fluctuates between minimum and maximum values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the maintenance dose defined in pharmacology?

    <p>A dose sufficient to replace drug eliminated since the last dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common drug receptors that interact with medications?

    <p>Enzymes and ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of repeating intravenous bolus injections on drug concentration?

    <p>It leads to drug accumulation in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is false regarding pharmacodynamics?

    <p>It only focuses on drugs’ side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically achieved with multiple dose administration?

    <p>Steady state concentration of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is enterohepatic recycling?

    <p>The ability of a drug to be secreted into bile, reabsorbed, and returned to the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances are conserved through enterohepatic recycling?

    <p>Vitamin D3 and Estrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does enterohepatic recycling affect the half-life of drugs?

    <p>It increases the half-life of drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of excretion for unabsorbed orally ingested drugs?

    <p>Feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the excretion of drugs in breast milk a concern?

    <p>Because some drugs can have toxic effects on nursing infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the bioavailability (F) of IV administered drugs?

    <p>They have 100% bioavailability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs tends to accumulate in breast milk due to its acidity?

    <p>Basic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of excretion is least common for drug elimination?

    <p>Breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Drug Administration Routes

    • Intravenous (IV) Route:
      • Drug is directly injected into the vein.
      • Fastest route of drug administration.
      • 100% bioavailability.
      • Not suitable for drugs with large particle sizes (> 20 μm) or very small ones (< 5 μm).
    • Intramuscular (IM) Route:
      • Drug is injected directly into the muscle.
      • Slower absorption than IV route due to blood flow in muscles.
      • Suitable for depot preparations, providing sustained drug release.
    • Subcutaneous (SC) Route:
      • Drug is injected into the subcutaneous tissue.
      • Absorption rate depends on blood flow and drug solubility.
      • Useful for slow and sustained drug release.
    • Intra-arterial Route:
      • Used for localized effect in a particular tissue or organ.
      • Requires expertise and careful administration.
      • No first-pass effect.
    • Intra-thecal Route:
      • Drug is injected directly into the spinal subarachnoid space.
      • Bypasses blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier.
    • Intraventricular Route:
      • Drug is injected into the ventricles of the brain.
      • Used for example in the treatment of brain tumors or CNS infections.
    • Intraosseous Route:
      • Drug is injected into the bone marrow.
      • Useful for unconscious patients where IV access is difficult.
    • Topical Administration:
      • Drugs are applied to mucous membranes or skin.
      • Primarily for local effects.
      • Absorption through mucous membranes occurs readily.
    • Skin:
      • Commonly used for local effects.
      • The main route for drug penetration is through the epidermal layer.
      • Stratum corneum is the rate-limiting barrier for passive percutaneous absorption.
    • Transdermal Drug Delivery:
      • Not all drugs penetrate intact skin.
      • Systemic absorption occurs more readily through abraded, burned, or denuded skin.
      • Absorption can be enhanced by suspending the drug in an oily vehicle and rubbing it into the skin.

    Biotransformation (Drug Metabolism)

    • Major P450 Enzymes:
      • P450 enzymes are responsible for drug metabolism in the liver.
      • Major enzymes include CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A.
    • Examples of Drugs Metabolized by CYP Isoforms:
      • CYP1A2: Caffeine, Theophylline
      • CYP2C9: Warfarin, Phenytoin
      • CYP2C19: Omeprazole, Diazepam
      • CYP2D6: Antidepressants, Quinidine
      • CYP3A4/5: Antiretrovirals, Calcium Channel Blockers
    • Factors Affecting Biotransformation:
      • Age: Children and elderly may have limited ability to metabolize drugs.
      • Sex: Variation in CYP450 enzyme levels between males and females.
      • Genetic Factors: Affect enzyme levels in the body.
      • Drug Interactions: Enzyme induction or inhibition.
      • Diet: Malnutrition can reduce the ability to synthesize CYP450.

    Drug Interactions

    • Enzyme Inhibition:
      • Drugs can inhibit CYP450 enzyme activity, causing increased levels of the drug and its metabolites.
      • Example: Cimetidine inhibits CYP450, which can increase levels of digitoxin and lead to toxicity.
    • Examples of Inhibition Reactions:
      • CYP2C9: Fluoxetine (Prozac)
      • CYP2D6: Quinidine, Paroxetine
      • CYP3A4/5: Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Ritonavir, Grapefruit Juice
      • CYP2E1: Disulfiram
      • CYP1A2: Amiodarone

    Excretion

    • Enterohepatic Circulation:
      • Drug is secreted into bile, passes to the small intestine, and is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
      • This recycling process can prolong drug half-life.
    • Other Routes of Excretion:
      • Feces: Un-absorbed drugs or metabolites excreted in bile.
      • Breast Milk: Excretion of drugs in breast milk can affect nursing infants.
      • Lungs: Gases and volatile substances are excreted via the lungs.
      • Sweat, Saliva, Tears: Small amounts of drugs are excreted into these fluids.

    Pharmacokinetics

    • Bioavailability (F):
      • Fraction of the administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation as intact drug.
      • IV administration has 100% bioavailability.
    • Drug Concentration-Time Profiles:
      • Single Dose Administration:
        • Two-phase decline in plasma concentration:
          • Alpha (α) phase: Represents drug redistribution.
          • Beta (β) phase: Represents drug elimination.
      • Multiple Dosing:
        • Accumulation of drug in plasma to reach a steady-state concentration.
    • Loading Dose:
      • An initial larger dose is administered to quickly reach the target concentration in plasma.
    • Maintenance Dose:
      • Smaller doses are given to maintain the steady-state concentration in the body.

    Pharmacodynamics

    • Receptors:
      • Drug targets that drugs interact with to produce their effects.
      • Common targets include ion channels, enzymes, and carrier molecules.

    Factors Affecting Drug Action

    • Sex Differences:
      • Normal physiological variations between males and females.
    • Pregnancy:
      • Many drugs can cross the placenta and cause fetal malformations (teratogenesis).
    • Breastfeeding:
      • Many drugs are excreted in breast milk and can harm nursing infants.
    • Body Weight:
      • Dosage is often adjusted according to body weight.
    • Age:
      • Pharmacokinetic changes with age affect drug absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination.
    • Race:
      • Racial variations in enzyme levels and activity.
    • Genetic Variations:
      • Genetic variations in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporter proteins.
    • Liver and Kidney Disease:
      • Liver disease affects drug metabolism, and kidney failure reduces drug excretion.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Pharmacology 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various drug administration routes including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intra-arterial, and intra-thecal methods. Understand their characteristics, absorption rates, and specific applications in medical practice. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of pharmacology principles.

    More Like This

    Routes of Drug Administration Quiz
    9 questions

    Routes of Drug Administration Quiz

    AmbitiousForsythia avatar
    AmbitiousForsythia
    Pharmacology: Drug Administration Routes
    21 questions

    Pharmacology: Drug Administration Routes

    LivelyRaleigh avatar
    LivelyRaleigh
    Pharmacology: Routes of Drug Administration
    30 questions

    Pharmacology: Routes of Drug Administration

    LuxurySphene avatar
    LuxurySphene
    Drug Administration Routes Overview
    10 questions

    Drug Administration Routes Overview

    ImportantTheremin4951 avatar
    ImportantTheremin4951
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser