Drug Administration Routes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following routes of administration can bypass the blood-brain barrier?

  • Intra-osseous Route
  • Topical Administration
  • Intra-arterial Route
  • Intra-thecal Route (correct)

    • What is a significant disadvantage of using certain drug delivery methods?

  • Inability to deliver drugs to unconscious patients
  • Not appropriate for drugs with large or very small particle sizes (correct)
  • Requires local expertise for administration
  • Excessive absorption through mucous membranes

    • What is the route that delivers drugs directly into the spinal subarachnoid space?

  • Intra-arterial Route
  • Transdermal Route
  • Intra-thecal Route (correct)
  • Intravenous Route

    • What is the rate limiting barrier in passive percutaneous absorption of drugs through the skin?

    <p>Stratum corneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug administration route is particularly useful when intravenous access is not possible?

    <p>Intra-osseous Route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following routes is primarily used for local effects through mucous membranes?

    <p>Topical Administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor enhances systemic absorption of drugs through the skin?

    <p>Oily vehicle suspension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about transdermal drug delivery is correct?

    <p>Abraded skin allows for better absorption than intact skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when administering drugs during menstruation?

    <p>Drugs producing pelvic congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is known for causing significant fetal malformation when administered during pregnancy?

    <p>Thalidomide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to adjust drug doses for children?

    <p>They have underdeveloped metabolizing and excretory organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does age affect drug metabolism and dosing?

    <p>Metabolism and elimination are decreased in elderly and children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to racial variations in drug metabolism?

    <p>Variation in enzyme types and levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of liver disease on drug administration?

    <p>Slows drug metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes a drug interaction?

    <p>It happens when food alters the drug's effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done in cases of kidney failure regarding drug dosage?

    <p>Adjust the dosage downward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which CYP isoform is responsible for metabolizing caffeine?

    <p>CYP1A2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that can affect the biotransformation capabilities of P450 enzymes?

    <p>Genetic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is recognized as an inhibitor of CYP2D6?

    <p>Quinidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does grapefruit juice have on CYP3A4/5?

    <p>It inhibits the enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which CYP isoform is primarily responsible for metabolizing warfarin?

    <p>CYP2C9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do children and the elderly typically have limited abilities of biotransformation?

    <p>Deficiency of metabolizing enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drug interactions can lead to increased toxicity due to CYP inhibition?

    <p>Cimetidine with digitoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which CYP isoform metabolizes omeprazole?

    <p>CYP2C19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the α-phase in a Cp vs time plot represent?

    <p>Redistribution of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a loading dose?

    <p>To raise drug concentration to the target level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a multiple dosing regimen, what happens to the drug concentration over time?

    <p>It fluctuates between minimum and maximum values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the maintenance dose defined in pharmacology?

    <p>A dose sufficient to replace drug eliminated since the last dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common drug receptors that interact with medications?

    <p>Enzymes and ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of repeating intravenous bolus injections on drug concentration?

    <p>It leads to drug accumulation in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is false regarding pharmacodynamics?

    <p>It only focuses on drugs’ side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically achieved with multiple dose administration?

    <p>Steady state concentration of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is enterohepatic recycling?

    <p>The ability of a drug to be secreted into bile, reabsorbed, and returned to the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances are conserved through enterohepatic recycling?

    <p>Vitamin D3 and Estrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does enterohepatic recycling affect the half-life of drugs?

    <p>It increases the half-life of drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of excretion for unabsorbed orally ingested drugs?

    <p>Feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the excretion of drugs in breast milk a concern?

    <p>Because some drugs can have toxic effects on nursing infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the bioavailability (F) of IV administered drugs?

    <p>They have 100% bioavailability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs tends to accumulate in breast milk due to its acidity?

    <p>Basic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of excretion is least common for drug elimination?

    <p>Breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Drug Administration Routes

    • Intravenous (IV) Route:
      • Drug is directly injected into the vein.
      • Fastest route of drug administration.
      • 100% bioavailability.
      • Not suitable for drugs with large particle sizes (> 20 μm) or very small ones (< 5 μm).
    • Intramuscular (IM) Route:
      • Drug is injected directly into the muscle.
      • Slower absorption than IV route due to blood flow in muscles.
      • Suitable for depot preparations, providing sustained drug release.
    • Subcutaneous (SC) Route:
      • Drug is injected into the subcutaneous tissue.
      • Absorption rate depends on blood flow and drug solubility.
      • Useful for slow and sustained drug release.
    • Intra-arterial Route:
      • Used for localized effect in a particular tissue or organ.
      • Requires expertise and careful administration.
      • No first-pass effect.
    • Intra-thecal Route:
      • Drug is injected directly into the spinal subarachnoid space.
      • Bypasses blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier.
    • Intraventricular Route:
      • Drug is injected into the ventricles of the brain.
      • Used for example in the treatment of brain tumors or CNS infections.
    • Intraosseous Route:
      • Drug is injected into the bone marrow.
      • Useful for unconscious patients where IV access is difficult.
    • Topical Administration:
      • Drugs are applied to mucous membranes or skin.
      • Primarily for local effects.
      • Absorption through mucous membranes occurs readily.
    • Skin:
      • Commonly used for local effects.
      • The main route for drug penetration is through the epidermal layer.
      • Stratum corneum is the rate-limiting barrier for passive percutaneous absorption.
    • Transdermal Drug Delivery:
      • Not all drugs penetrate intact skin.
      • Systemic absorption occurs more readily through abraded, burned, or denuded skin.
      • Absorption can be enhanced by suspending the drug in an oily vehicle and rubbing it into the skin.

    Biotransformation (Drug Metabolism)

    • Major P450 Enzymes:
      • P450 enzymes are responsible for drug metabolism in the liver.
      • Major enzymes include CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A.
    • Examples of Drugs Metabolized by CYP Isoforms:
      • CYP1A2: Caffeine, Theophylline
      • CYP2C9: Warfarin, Phenytoin
      • CYP2C19: Omeprazole, Diazepam
      • CYP2D6: Antidepressants, Quinidine
      • CYP3A4/5: Antiretrovirals, Calcium Channel Blockers
    • Factors Affecting Biotransformation:
      • Age: Children and elderly may have limited ability to metabolize drugs.
      • Sex: Variation in CYP450 enzyme levels between males and females.
      • Genetic Factors: Affect enzyme levels in the body.
      • Drug Interactions: Enzyme induction or inhibition.
      • Diet: Malnutrition can reduce the ability to synthesize CYP450.

    Drug Interactions

    • Enzyme Inhibition:
      • Drugs can inhibit CYP450 enzyme activity, causing increased levels of the drug and its metabolites.
      • Example: Cimetidine inhibits CYP450, which can increase levels of digitoxin and lead to toxicity.
    • Examples of Inhibition Reactions:
      • CYP2C9: Fluoxetine (Prozac)
      • CYP2D6: Quinidine, Paroxetine
      • CYP3A4/5: Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Ritonavir, Grapefruit Juice
      • CYP2E1: Disulfiram
      • CYP1A2: Amiodarone

    Excretion

    • Enterohepatic Circulation:
      • Drug is secreted into bile, passes to the small intestine, and is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
      • This recycling process can prolong drug half-life.
    • Other Routes of Excretion:
      • Feces: Un-absorbed drugs or metabolites excreted in bile.
      • Breast Milk: Excretion of drugs in breast milk can affect nursing infants.
      • Lungs: Gases and volatile substances are excreted via the lungs.
      • Sweat, Saliva, Tears: Small amounts of drugs are excreted into these fluids.

    Pharmacokinetics

    • Bioavailability (F):
      • Fraction of the administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation as intact drug.
      • IV administration has 100% bioavailability.
    • Drug Concentration-Time Profiles:
      • Single Dose Administration:
        • Two-phase decline in plasma concentration:
          • Alpha (α) phase: Represents drug redistribution.
          • Beta (β) phase: Represents drug elimination.
      • Multiple Dosing:
        • Accumulation of drug in plasma to reach a steady-state concentration.
    • Loading Dose:
      • An initial larger dose is administered to quickly reach the target concentration in plasma.
    • Maintenance Dose:
      • Smaller doses are given to maintain the steady-state concentration in the body.

    Pharmacodynamics

    • Receptors:
      • Drug targets that drugs interact with to produce their effects.
      • Common targets include ion channels, enzymes, and carrier molecules.

    Factors Affecting Drug Action

    • Sex Differences:
      • Normal physiological variations between males and females.
    • Pregnancy:
      • Many drugs can cross the placenta and cause fetal malformations (teratogenesis).
    • Breastfeeding:
      • Many drugs are excreted in breast milk and can harm nursing infants.
    • Body Weight:
      • Dosage is often adjusted according to body weight.
    • Age:
      • Pharmacokinetic changes with age affect drug absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination.
    • Race:
      • Racial variations in enzyme levels and activity.
    • Genetic Variations:
      • Genetic variations in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporter proteins.
    • Liver and Kidney Disease:
      • Liver disease affects drug metabolism, and kidney failure reduces drug excretion.

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    Related Documents

    Pharmacology 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various drug administration routes including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intra-arterial, and intra-thecal methods. Understand their characteristics, absorption rates, and specific applications in medical practice. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of pharmacology principles.

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