IV therapy integumentary

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following conditions is a contraindication for penicillin use?

Diabetes

History of hypertension

Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins (correct)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

What effect do tetracyclines have when taken with penicillin?

Decreases penicillin effectiveness (correct)

Increases penicillin effectiveness

Has no effect on penicillin

Increases the risk of superinfection

Which of the following is NOT an adverse reaction associated with penicillin?

Thrombocytopenia

Severe dermatological rash (correct)

Nausea and vomiting

Cross-sensitivity reactions

How should penicillin G be administered?

With 8 oz of water on an empty stomach Signup and view all the answers

Which generation of cephalosporins is most likely to be effective against gram-negative bacteria?

Third generation Signup and view all the answers

Which patient condition does NOT require cautious use of antivirals?

Healthy renal function Signup and view all the answers

What is a common interaction associated with Probenecid?

Increases acyclovir levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for antiviral patient management?

Engage in sexual intercourse while lesions are present Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal infection primarily affects the skin surface?

Tinea pedia Signup and view all the answers

What kind of adverse reactions are typically associated with antifungal infusions?

Fever, chills, rigors, and headache Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with towels and washcloths used by a person with ringworm?

Keep them separate from other family members' items Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an indication for the use of Ribavirin?

Respiratory syncytial virus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions would likely involve the use of fungistatic antifungal agents?

Tinea corporis (ringworm) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary use of fluconazole?

Candidiasis of the mouth, esophagus, and vagina Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is NOT typically expected from griseofulvin?

Hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

Why should topical preparations be used cautiously in patients using antineoplastic drugs?

They can stain clothing. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of keratolytics?

Application on warts with hair growing from them Signup and view all the answers

Which drug interaction is relevant for fluconazole?

Tagamet inhibits the action of fluconazole Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic action of topical antipsoriatics?

To remove plaques associated with psoriasis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect that should be reported when using fluconazole?

Hepatotoxicity Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is indicated for the treatment of ringworm?

Griseofulvin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes mafenide?

Penetrates thick eschar Signup and view all the answers

In which condition are topical antipsoriatics considered contraindicated?

Hypersensitivity to drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse reaction of using cephalosporins?

Nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of tetracyclines?

Pregnant women Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored in patients taking cefotetan and ceftriaxone?

Bleeding times Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with a disulfiram-like reaction when alcohol is consumed with cephalosporins?

Flushing Signup and view all the answers

What is a nursing alert when administering tetracyclines?

Avoid dairy products Signup and view all the answers

What effect do antacids containing aluminum or magnesium have on tetracyclines?

Decrease their effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT a reason to use macrolides cautiously?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Signup and view all the answers

What type of action do topical corticosteroids have when applied to inflamed skin?

Exert local anti-inflammatory activity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common use for cephalosporins?

Bacterial infections Signup and view all the answers

When should topical enzymes be used cautiously?

In patients with known hypersensitivity to drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is classified as a tetracycline?

Doxycycline Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a use for topical antiseptics and germicides?

To promote active infection Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when applying topical corticosteroids?

Using over-the-counter skin products without direction Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main uses of macrolides?

Prophylaxis against rheumatic fever Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary action of topical local anesthetics?

Temporarily inhibit conduction of impulses from sensory nerve fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the dosing of tetracyclines is true?

They must be taken on an empty stomach. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an adverse reaction associated with macrolides?

Skin rashes Signup and view all the answers

Silver nitrate is classified as what type of medication?

Topical anti-infective Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common treatment for pain relief associated with skin conditions?

Cool, wet compresses Signup and view all the answers

What could indicate a severe reaction to cephalosporin when consumed with alcohol?

Arrhythmias and unconsciousness Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored to prevent risk of infection in patients with impaired skin integrity?

Signs of infection in the skin Signup and view all the answers

What is an important precaution when giving cephalosporins?

Monitor for allergic reactions Signup and view all the answers

What common interaction occurs with oral anticoagulants when taken with tetracyclines?

Increased risk of bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for using topical anesthetics?

Known hypersensitivity to any component Signup and view all the answers

Which solution is known as Burrow’s solution and operates as an astringent?

Aluminum acetate solution Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antimicrobial medication is designed to kill bacteria?

Bactericidal medications Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that can influence the effectiveness of antibiotics?

Host factors like age and immune system status Signup and view all the answers

Why is combination therapy often used in treating severe infections?

It can prevent bacterial resistance and enhance effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should be taken when collecting specimens for culture?

Specimens must be collected quickly to prevent contamination. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse reaction associated with sulfonamide medications?

Skin discoloration Signup and view all the answers

In which situation is prophylaxis treatment typically recommended?

Prior to surgeries to prevent infections Signup and view all the answers

What can increase the risk of drug resistance in bacteria?

Frequent use of antibiotics in a community Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for sulfonamide use?

Mild skin rashes Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended action for patients taking sulfonamides to prevent crystalluria?

Increase fluid intake Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect can occur if sulfonamides are improperly taken?

Superinfection Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the drug combination of methotrexate and sulfonamides have?

Increased bone marrow suppression Signup and view all the answers

What is an important nursing consideration for administering sulfonamides?

Give on an empty stomach for optimal effect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices can help minimize the risk of infection during invasive procedures?

Use aseptic technique and standard precautions Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary action of penicillins as an antibiotic?

Weaken and lyse the bacterial cell wall Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Integumentary Drugs and Antibiotics

Integumentary drugs and antibiotics are used to treat various infections.

Classification of Antimicrobial Medications

Narrow-spectrum: Medications effective against a limited range of microorganisms.
Broad-spectrum: Medications effective against a wider range of microorganisms.
Bactericidal medications: Kill bacteria.
Bacteriostatic medications: Inhibit bacterial growth.

Identification of Causative Agent

Laboratory testing is essential to identify the causative microorganism.
Gram stain: A quick method to identify the type of microorganism.
Culture: A method to grow the microorganism for identification when gram stain is inconclusive.
Nurses must collect specimens carefully to prevent contamination before antibiotics are administered.

Host Factors

Immune system: The body's defense mechanisms against infection.
Site of infection: Location where the infection is present.
Age: The age of the patient can impact the immune response, and some infections respond differently in varying age groups.
Blood-brain barrier: A barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream.
Endocarditis: Inflammation of the lining of the heart chambers and valves.
Purulent abscesses: Pus-filled infections with poor blood supply leading to slower response to antibiotics.
Surgical removal of drainage: This process can potentiate the effect of antibiotics.
Phagocytes: Cells that engulf and destroy foreign invaders.
Pregnancy: Affects the immune response.
Presence of a previous allergic reaction: Indicates the potential for an allergic reaction to a drug.

Combination Therapy

Used to treat severe infections due to multiple bacteria.
Prevents bacterial resistance.
Reduces dosage, decreasing risk of toxicity/side effects.
More effective treatment.
Increased resistance may occur if not followed properly.
Increased cost of treatment.
More adverse and toxic reactions.
Antagonistic effects may occur among antibiotics.
Increases risk of superinfection.

Prophylaxis Treatment

Prevents infections in clients undergoing specific surgeries, procedures, or exposures.
Prevents conversion to infection.
Utilized for clients with prosthetic heart valves undergoing dental procedures.
Used for recurring UTIs.

Preventative Measures

Hand hygiene: Critical before and after patient contact.
Recognize invasive procedures: Identify procedures increasing infection risk.
Encourage immunizations: Up-to-date immunizations reduce infections.
Full course of medication: Completing the full course of medication to prevent resistance/recurrence.
Aseptic technique: Proper technique to prevent contamination.
Careful assignment of rooms: Reduces risk of cross-contamination.
Monitor effectiveness of treatment: Assessing efficacy is crucial to monitor the status.
Post-treatment cultures: Confirm adequate treatment.
Monitor clients for improvement: Crucial factor to monitor.

Resistance to Drugs

Drug resistance arises when antibiotics are regularly used by patients or when multiple individuals are in close proximity.
Bacteria develop natural resistance.
Bacteria can acquire resistance.
New resistance develops, associated with bacteria with both natural and acquired resistance ability.

US Food and Drug Administration Pregnancy Risk Classifications

Category A: No risk of fetal harm.
Category B: No risk in humans, possibly risk in humans.
Category C: Risk cannot be ruled out in either species and/or both animal and human studies.
Category D: Positive evidence of risk in humans, but use may be justified in some situations.
Category X: Contraindicated in pregnancy due to evidence of possible fetal harm.

Sulfonamide

Effective antibiotic against various infections.
Uses: UTI, Otitis Media, Changoird, Pertussis, Shigellosis, and Pneumocystis Pneumonia, Treating Burns
Adverse reactions: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, chills, fever, stomatitis, hyperkalemia, kernicterus, orange-yellow urine and skin, crystalluria, photosensitivity, hypersensitivity reactions, generalized skin reactions, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and hematologic changes.
Contraindications/Precautions: Hypersensitivity to sulfonamides, during lactation/pregnancy/children under 2, infections caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci.
Drug interactions: Oral anticoagulants and hydantoins.
Monitoring: Diabetes, hypoglycemic reactions, Cranberry juice, and antibiotic interaction.
Dosage, administration, and implementation: Empty stomach 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals with 8 oz of water. Drink at least 8 large glasses of water daily.
Burn injury treatment: Clean, remove debris, sterile gloved hand application, 1/16 inch thick application and caution for pain.

Penicillins

Actions: Weakens and lyses bacterial cell walls.
Used against: Meningitis, Syphilis, and many other infectious diseases.
Extended spectrum: Treating difficult bacteria.
Prophylaxis: Bacterial endocarditis and other conditions.
Adverse reactions: Gastrointestinal, hypersensitivity, and anaphylactic shock. Cross-sensitivity/allergy with other drugs. Superinfections: Bacterial, fungal. Hematopoietic changes.
Precautions/Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to penicillin, cephalosporins, and imipenum. Use cautiously: Renal disease, asthma, bleeding disorders, GI issues, pregnancy, or lactation.
Drug interactions: Birth control pills, tetracyclines, anticoagulants, beta-adrenergic blocking drugs.
Administration and dosage: With meals, unless otherwise indicated. Ac and PC Meals, with 8oz of water.

Cephalosporins

Broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotics.
Generations: Divided into first, second, third, and fourth generations, each with varying effectiveness against gram negative organisms.
Penetration into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) increases with each generation.
Uses: Respiratory Infections, Ear Infections, Bone/Joint Infections, Genitourinary Tract Infections, Postoperative Infections, and Meningitis. Prophylaxis following sexual assault.
Adverse reactions: Gastrointestinal such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; possible superinfection. Intramuscular and intravenous administration may cause pain, tenderness and inflammation. Intravenous infusion reactions may cause thrombophlebitis. Adverse effects: Headache, dizziness, malaise, heartburn, fever, nephrotoxicity, hypersensitivity, aplastic anemia, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Allergy to penicillin may cross to some cephalosporins.
Precautions/Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins or penicillins. Use cautiously with bleeding disorders or anticoagulants: need to monitor bleeding times. Monitor vitamin K supply. Use cautiously in renal, hepatic disease and pregnancy/known penicillin allergy.
Drug interactions: Aminoglycosides and oral anticoagulants.
Nursing alert: Disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol within 72 hours of treatment.
Administration and Dosage: Administered with food. Shake oral suspensions, store in refrigerator.

Tetracyclines

Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Uses: Rickettsiae, intestinal amebiasis, skin and soft tissue infections, uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, or rectal infections, Acne, Mycoplasmal pneumonia, lyme disease, adjunctive treatment: Helicobacter pylori, Anthrax.
Adverse reactions: Gastrointestinal (N/V/D), epigastric distress, stomatitis, sore throat, skin rashes, hepatotoxic, superinfections such as C diff. Photosensitivity. Monitor for photosensitivity reactions. (sun, tanning beds).
Precautions/Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, use in pregnancy (Category D), children younger than 8-9 (due to teeth staining.) Use cautiously in renal or liver impairment.
Drug interactions: Antacids, oral anticoagulants, oral contraceptives, digoxin, and calcium-rich foods.
Administration and dosage: Empty stomach with full glass of water (exceptions Minocin and Terramycin), Avoid dairy/antacids simultaneously.

Macrolides

Prophylaxis: Used before dental or other procedures in patients allergic to penicillin to prevent rheumatic fever and bacterial endocarditis.
Treatment: Legionnaires' disease, pertussis, acute diphtheria, Chlamydial infections, Mycoplasmal pneumonia, and streptococcal infections.
Adverse reactions: Gastrointestinal (N/V/D), abdominal pain/cramping, pseudomembranous colitis, visual disturbances, ototoxicity, thrombophlebitis, prolonged QT interval, which can lead to dysrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
Contraindications/Precautions: Hypersensitivity to macrolides, preexisting liver disease, prolonged QT interval, use cautiously in patients with liver dysfunction, myasthenia gravis, during pregnancy (Cats B and C) and lactation.
Drug interactions: Antacids, Digoxin, Anticoagulants, Clindamycin, Lincomycin, Chloramphenicol, and Theophylline.
Implementation: Administer on empty stomach with 8 oz water (except azithromycin, dirithromycin, erythromycin). Monitor PT/INR if on Coumadin, and greater than 2 weeks of liver function. Avoid concurrent administration with diltiazem/verapamil.

Lincosamides

Used to treat serious infections where penicillin or erythromycin aren't effective.
Used in conjunction with other antibiotics.
Effective against a range of gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms.
Adverse reactions: Gastrointestinal/other body reactions such as abdominal pain, esophagitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rash, and blood dyscrasias.
Contraindications/Precautions: Hypersensitivity to lincosamides, minor bacterial/viral infections. Use cautiously with history of GI disorders, renal disease, liver impairment, myasthenia gravis.
Implementation: Food impairs absorption, patient should not eat anything by mouth for 1-2 hours before/after administration. Usually given with food or a full glass of water.

Fluoroquinolones

Broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotics.
Uses: Lower respiratory tract/GI infections; Bone and joint infections; Urinary tract infections and skin infections.
Adverse reactions: Common: Nausea, diarrhea, headache, abdominal pain, dizziness. Serious: Achilles tendon rupture, photosensitivity, hypersensitivity, bacterial/fungal superinfections such as colitis, yeast, thrush.
Contraindications/Precautions: Hypersensitivity; children under 18; pregnancy. Use cautiously with renal impairment, history of seizures, geriatric patients, on dialysis.
Drug interactions: Theophylline, cimetidine, oral anticoagulants, antacids, iron salts/zinc, dairy products.
Implementation: Increase fluid intake; administer ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin 2-4 hours before or 6-8 after antacids.

Aminoglycosides

Primarily used to treat infections caused by gram-negative microorganisms.
Used to reduce bacteria in the bowel (for patients with abdominal surgery or hepatic coma), and to treat tuberculosis (TB), when used in conjunction with other medications.
Adverse reactions: Hypersensitivity, photosensitivity, nephrotoxicity (proteinuria, hematuria, BUN and creatinine increases), ototoxicity (tinnitus, dizziness, roaring in ears), neurotoxicity, and changes in consciousness leading to difficulty swallowing and risk of aspiration.
Contraindications/Precautions: History of hypersensitivity, pre-existing hearing loss, myasthenia gravis, pregnancy, Parkinsonism, and during lactation. Use cautiously in older adults, renal failure, and neuromuscular disorders.
Interactions: Cephalosporins and loop diuretics.
Implementation: Check peak and trough levels, inspect needle site, rate of infusion, and vein.

Linezolid (Zyvox)

Bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotic used in treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) and health care- and community-acquired pneumonias and skin infections.
Adverse reactions: Common and less common: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, insomnia, rash, fatigue, depression, nervousness, photosensitivity. Serious: Pseudomembranous colitis, thrombocytopenia.
Contraindications/Precautions: Hypersensitivity to the drug, pregnancy (Category C), lactation, and phenylketonuria. Use cautiously in bone marrow depression, hepatic dysfunction, renal impairment, hypertension, and hyperthyroidism.
Drug interactions: Antiplatelet drugs, MAOIs, large amounts of food containing tyramine.

Vancomycin (Vancocin)

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and increases cell wall permeability
Used for treating infections caused by susceptible gram-positive bacteria, such as MRSA and infections associated with Clostridium difficile.
Adverse reactions: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, Red man syndrome (at the IM/IV site). Infusion reaction: Nausea, chills, fever, urticaria, sudden drop in blood pressure with parenteral administration, and skin rashes.
Contraindications/Precautions: Hypersensitivity to vancomycin, allergy to corn/corn products, cautious use with renal/hearing impairment, and pregnancy and lactation.
Interactions: Other ototoxic or nephrotoxic drugs. Additive effects may occur.

Quinopristin/Dalfopristin (Synercid)

Bacteriostatic/bactericidal agent
Used to treat vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF)
Adverse reactions: Irritation at the vein infusion site, incompatibility with saline or heparin flush solutions, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Contraindications/Precautions: Known hypersensitivity, pregnancy, and lactation.
Interactions: Serum levels of some drugs may increase, including antiretrovirals, antineoplastics and immunosuppressants, calcium channel blockers, and benzodiazepines.

Antivirals

Shorten the length of viral outbreaks, but do not prevent spread of disease.
Effective against Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, Herpes zoster, HIV, CMV retinitis. (with ganciclovir- prophylaxis), Hepatitis (with Interferon alfa), Influenza (with Oseltamivir), and RSV (with Ribavirin).
Adverse reactions: Systemic (oral or IV): crystalluria (with rapid IV), nephrotoxicity (with acyclovir), bone marrow suppression (with ganciclovir), GI disturbances (N/V/D), headache, rash, fever, insomnia, and topical burning, stinging, pruritus.
Contraindications/Precautions: Hypersensitivity, unstable cardiac disease, pregnancy (cat C) and lactation (especially for Ribavirin). Careful use with renal impairment, low blood cell counts, epilepsy, and respiratory issues.
Drug interactions include Probenecid (increases acyclovir levels), cimetidine (increases valacyclovir levels), theophylline (increased acyclovir levels).
Implementation: Small, frequent, soft, non-irritating meals may be useful if nausea is mild.. Use gloves with topical application. Administer topical without regard to food, unless GI distress.

Antifungals

Fungicidal: Kills fungi.
Fungistatics: Inhibits fungal growth.
Superficial and deep fungal infections
Systemic infections such as candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis
Superficial infections of nailbeds, oral, anal, and vaginal areas
Ringworm infections: Keep towels/washcloths separate.
General adverse reactions: Infusion reactions (fever, chills, rigors, headache, 1-3 hours post-IV), topical reactions (irritation, burning, redness, thrombophlebitis), nephrotoxicity, bone marrow suppression, and electrolyte imbalance (especially potassium). Ketoconazole can cause hepatitis.
Contraindications/Precautions: Pregnancy, lactation, and renal impairment. Use cautiously with renal dysfunction, bone marrow suppression, or anemia.
Patient management issues: Superficial and deep fungal infections may respond slowly; check I&Os, creatinine, and BUN, especially with nephrotoxic drugs; and complete therapy even if the infection improves, as complete therapy will help prevent recurrence. High doses of fluconazole for pregnancy.
Topical antifungals: Used for athletes foot, jock itch , ringworm, and yeast infections. Clotrimazole, Gentian Violet, Miconazole, and Tolnaftate. Nsg interventions: Do not chew/swallow troches. Clean applicators after use; clean site prior to application; clean old cream/lotion off. Swish and swallow if indicated.
Systemic antifungal examples: Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, Griseofulvin, Ketoconazole, Nystatin, and Terbinafine.

Topical Antipsoriatics

Used to remove lesions associated with psoriasis.
Examples: Anthralin and calcipotriene.
Contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity.
Used cautiously during pregnancy and lactation.

Keratolytics

Remove excess epidermis growth in conditions such as warts, calluses, corns, and seborrheic keratoses.
Contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to drugs.
For use on moles, birthmarks, warts with hair, on genital or facial warts, warts on mucous membranes, and infected skin.
Use cautiously during pregnancy and lactation.

Miscellaneous Medications

Mafenide (Sulfamylon): Penetrates thick eschar.
Silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene): Broad-spectrum topical anti-infective.
Silver nitrate: Topical anti-infective, astringent.
Aluminum acetate: Burrow's solution, astringent.
Calamine lotion: Astringent.

Topical Drugs Used in Skin Disorders

Specific drugs to address skin issues such as rashes, eczema, psoriasis, and others.
Nursing process implementation includes monitoring and managing patient needs and addressing impairments in skin integrity. Carefully assess pain, infection risks, and other needs. Use cool, wet compresses for itching relief whenever indicated.

Topical Antiseptics and Germicides

Chlorhexidine (Hibiclens): Affects a wide range of microorganisms, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Iodine: Anti-infective agent against bacteria, fungi, viruses, yeasts, and protozoa (Povidone-iodine- Betadine).
Uses: Reduce bacteria, surgical scrubs, pre-operative skin cleanser, and home skin cleansing to prevent infection.

Topical Corticosteroids

Localized anti-inflammatory activity. Reduce itching, redness, swelling when applied to inflamed skin. Used to treat skin disorders, psoriasis, dermatitis, rashes, eczema, insect bites, and first- and second-degree burns, including sunburns.
Apply sparingly in a thin film, rub in gently.
Do not apply bandages, dressings, cosmetics, etc over the treated area unless otherwise directed.
Contraindications: Known drug or component hypersensitivity. Careful use during pregnancy and lactation.

Topical Enzymes

Remove necrotic tissue from chronic dermal ulcers and severely burned areas.
Hasten reduction of proteins into simpler substances.
Contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity; wounds in contact with body cavities or exposed nerves.
Used cautiously during pregnancy and lactation.

Topical Local Anesthetics

Temporarily inhibits sensory nerve impulse conduction.
Use as directed by a primary health care provider. Clean and dry the area before application.
Remove previous residue. Instruct the patient not to eat for an hour following application.
Used for the relief of itching and pain due to minor burns, fungal infections, insect bites, rashes, sunburn, and plant poisoning.
Contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the local anesthetic or any component of its preparation.
Use cautiously in patients also taking Class 1 antiarrhythmic drugs.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on pharmacology with this comprehensive quiz focusing on penicillin, antifungals, and antivirals. You'll explore contraindications, adverse reactions, administration methods, and the interactions of various medications. Perfect for nursing and medical students!